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Standard Cross-Cultural Codes (SCCCodes.doc Jan-09-2009; ** for corrections)

(Cumulatively edited by Douglas R. White, Michael Burton, William Divale,
Patrick Gray, Andrey Korotayev, Daria Khalturina)

NOTE: Ethnoatlas codes 200-291 were changed in the World Cultures revision by
J. Patrick Gray, 1998 <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/Codebook4EthnoAtlas.pdf">
PDF</a><a> Ethnographic Atlas Codebook]. World Cultures] 10(1):86-136. eclectic.ss.uci.edu
Changes in this part of the codebook need to be checked and aligned with
ATLAS CODES and frequencies recomputed. They. were partly corrected starting
with v.208 on May 8, 2009). *Note: ADD LABEL 8 to your Spss file v210.
Correction: 50 Basques and 75 Khmer summed to 110% of subsistance vars 203-207,

see also
</a><a href="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/9256203/sccsfac.Rdata">download SCCS database sccsfac.Rdata for World Cultures</a>
THIS IS A NEW VERSION WITH "FACTORS", i.e., category labels for crosstabs.
Or copy link http://dl.dropbox.com/u/9256203/sccsfac.Rdata to your browser to download.
<a href="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/9256203/Codebook%20for%20DW%20sav.pdf">Computer-made SCCS....sav codebook</a>
<a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/courses/stdsvars.html">topical index of 2000+ variables in the present codebook (below)</a>
<a href="http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/pak/CDIVERScodes.htm">180 variable Cultural Diversity Database</a> a subset of the most important codes, with separate variables
for the data in the Spss and R datafiles.
<a href="http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/SCCSpak/CultDivCodes180.htm">index of 180 variables</a> &lt;-- Useful first pass for students: some key variables up to 1987.
<a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/courses/CultDivCodes180sccsOrder.txt">index of 180 variables sorted by study and variable number</a> &lt;-- Useful 2nd pass for students: where your variables are in the 2000+ variable codebook
<a href="http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Sources_for_codes_on_the_SCCS">Google all published studies contributing or using SCCS coded data</a>
<a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/courses/stdsstud.html">index of studies contributing SCCS coded variables</a>
<a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/courses/SCCCodes.lab">SCCCodes.lab</a> variable labels only
<a href="http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/SCCSpak/Rdat_v1-450.pdf">Rdata code freqs v1-450</a> no missing data
<a href="http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/SCCSpak/Rdat_v451-900.pdf">Rdata code freqs v451-900</a> no missing dats
<p>
IMPORTANT: When doing a search in Mozilla Firefox (but not IExplorer), the search word is case sensitive,
e.g., when searching for infanticide, also search for Infanticide (capitalized: first letter only).
</p><p>
Please notify Douglas.White @uci.edu of further variables that need the notation "(codes not ordered)"
or "(VAR LABEL REVERSED)" - 60+ variables. All 280+ variables marked "(codes not ordered)" would need
recoding before computing correlates or factors


Comparative Ethnographic Data, coded for the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample.
Ethnology 8: 329-369. George P. Murdock and Douglas R. White. 1969.

The first study in this series was published by Murdock and Morrow (1970) and
has twenty-two variables. Preceding the bibliographic entry is the name of the
machine-readable codebook file for this study, e.g., <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds01.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>, originally
published in World Cultures. Following the entry is the name of the file that
contains the coded data, the number of variables in the study, and an
abbreviated heading for the contents of the study. There follows the codebook
for that study. As new codes are published, each variable coded in the study is
numbered sequentially and cumulatively. An abbreviated variable name follows
each variable number.

Under each variable are two columns of numbers corresponding to a frequency and
a number for the coding category described after the equals sign. For example,
the line reading "7    1 = No Trade" under variable 1 indicates that seven of
the 186 societies in the standard sample are coded as having no
interintercommunity trade as source of food. Just above that we see that three
societies of the 186 could not be coded by the coders for this study, who in
this case are Murdock and Morrow. The frequency column under each variable
number should always sum to 186 (including missing data).

Some series of variables, such as those listed below, have an alternate means
of listing the frequencies of cases coded for each variables.
 99-148
203-209
219-230
248-273
278-281
294-560

Subsets of variables in these series are ones that share identical coding
categories. Hence the names of the variables are listed first, and the
categories for each of these variables are defined only once, with the
frequencies of societies for each category listed in columns following the
variable. Consult variables 93-98 or 108-115 for examples. In each case the
frequencies in each column (under the heading for a particular variable number)
should, as always for this sample, sum to 186.



	<a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds01.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY AND SUPPORTIVE PRACTICES
 George P. Murdock and Diana O. Morrow.  1970.  ETHNOLOGY 9:302-330. Cross-Cultural Codes in Barry and Schlegel 1980 1.

 Datafile: STDS01.DAT  Vars.   1- 22 subsistence

   1.  INTERCOMMUNITY TRADE AS FOOD SOURCE
    ..Comment: here are the frequencies, code, and label headings for this
	variable
    #  of  Code  Descriptive
    Cases  # = Label
    ---      -   -----
      3    . = (dot) Missing Data
      7    1 = No Trade
     51    2 = Food Imports absent although trade present

             Food Imports present, and contribute:
      4    3 = Salt or Minerals only
     81    4 = &lt; 10% of food (90% form local extractive sources)
     38    5 = &lt; 50% of food, and less than any single local source
      -    6 = &lt; 50% of food, and more than any single local source
      2    7 = &gt; 50% of food

   2.  FOOD IMPORT ACQUISITION
     62    . = Missing Data
     49    1 = Direct individual exchanges
     10    2 = Indirect individual exchanges
     28    3 = Local markets
     34    4 = Middlemen
      3    5 = Three or four of above

   3.  AGRICULTURE- CONTRIBUTION TO LOCAL FOOD SUPPLY
     35    1 = None
      3    2 = Non-food Crops
     17    3 = &lt; 10%
     12    4 = &lt; 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade
     42    5 = &lt; 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade
     77    6 = Primarily agricultural

   4.  CROPS- PRINCIPAL
     36    . = Missing Data
      2    1 = Non-food
      -    2 = Vegetables
     14    3 = Tree or Vine
     38    4 = Roots
     96    5 = Cereals

   5.  ANIMAL HUSBANDRY- CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SUPPLY
      8    1 = None
     41    2 = Present, not food source
     67    3 = &lt; 10% food supply
     33    4 = &lt; 50% - chiefly meat
     21    5 = &lt; 50% - chiefly dairy
      -    6 = &lt; 50% - chiefly honey
     16    7 = &gt; 50%

   6.  ANIMALS- DOMESTICATED
      8    . = Missing Data
     54    1 = Small Species, e.g. Bees, Cats, Dogs, Fowl
     34    2 = Pigs
     23    3 = Ovides
     14    4 = Equines
      3    5 = Reindeer
      4    6 = Camels
     46    7 = Bovines

   7.  FISHING- CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SUPPLY
      2    . = Missing Data
     27    1 = None
     79    2 = &lt; 10% food supply
     55    3 = &lt; 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade
     10    4 = &lt; 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade
     13    5 = &gt; 50%

   8.  FISH
     29    . = Missing Data
      6    1 = Shellfish
    122    2 = True fish
      1    3 = Large aquatic animals
     28    4 = Two or more of above

   9.  HUNTING- CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SUPPLY
      4    . = Missing Data
     18    1 = None
      3    2 = Not food source
     85    2 = &lt; 10% food supply
     61    3 = &lt; 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade
      8    4 = &lt; 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade
      7    5 = &gt; 50%

  10.  ANIMALS HUNTED
     23    . = Missing Data
     18    1 = Birds or Waterfowl
     35    2 = Small Mammals
     65    3 = Large Game
     45    4 = Two or more of above

  11.  GATHERING- CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SUPPLY
      4    . = Missing Data
     16    1 = None
    116    2 = &lt; 10% food supply
     40    3 = &lt; 50%, and less than any other single source, incl. trade
      7    4 = &lt; 50%, and more than any other single source, incl. trade
      3    5 = &gt; 50%

  12.  GATHERED FOODS
     21    . = Missing Data
     18    1 = Wild Animal products
     15    2 = Wild Herbs, Leaves, Blossoms
      7    3 = Tree Pith, e.g., Sago
     11    4 = Wild Roots or Tubers
     54    5 = Wild Fruit, seeds, nuts, berries
     60    6 = Two or more of the above

  13.  LAND TRANSPORT (especially regarding food transport)
      1    . = Missing Data
    108    1 = Human Carriers, incl. tumpline
     41    2 = Pack Animals
     13    3 = Draft Animals (sleds, travois)
     12    4 = Animal Drawn Wheeled vehicles
     11    5 = Motorized vehicles

  14.  ROUTES OF LAND TRANSPORT
      5    . = Missing Data
    124    1 = Unimproved Trails
     26    2 = Improved Trails, for porters or animal carriers
     22    3 = Unpaved Roads, for wheeled vehicles
      9    4 = Paved Roads

  15.  WATER TRANSPORT
      5    . = Missing Data
     20    1 = None, but feasible      note: 1 &amp; 2 should be reversed
     56    2 = Not feasible
     10    3 = Floats or rafts
     73    4 = Human powered craft
     20    5 = Sail powered craft
      2    6 = Motorized craft

  16.  WATER CRAFT
     91    0 = None
     50    1 = Small, for &lt;10 people or load equivalent
     31    2 = Medium, for &gt;10 people or load equivalent
     14    3 = Large, for &gt;40 people or load equivalent

  17.  MONEY (MEDIA OF EXCHANGE) AND CREDIT
      3    . = Missing Data
     77    1 = No media of exchange or money
     12    2 = Domestically usable articles as media of exchange
     26    3 = Tokens of conventional value as media of exchange
     42    4 = Foreign coinage or paper currency
     26    5 = Indigenous coinage or paper currency

  18.  CREDIT SOURCE
     17    . = Missing Data
    113    1 = Personal loans between friends or relatives
     26    2 = Internal money lending specialists
     23    3 = External money lending specialists
      7    5 = Banks or comparable institutions

  19.  PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF FOOD
     31A   1 = Year-round food supply, none
     29B   2 = Year-round food supply, simple
     14C   3 = Year-round food supply, complex
      8E   4 = Daily variation, none
      2F   5 = Daily variation, simple
      -G   6 = Daily variation, complex
     24I   7 = Seasonal variation, barely adequate
     46J   8 = Seasonal variation, adequate
     16K   9 = Seasonal variation, adequate
      6L  10 = Annual variation, barely adequate
      5M  11 = Annual variation, adequate
      3N  12 = Annual variation, adequate
      2O  13 = Imported food, barely adequate
      -P  14 = Imported food, adequate
               Note: Remove Letters

  20.  FOOD STORAGE
      4    . = Missing Data
     36    1 = None
    129    2 = Individual households
      7    3 = Communal facilities
      3    4 = Political agent controlled repositories
      7    5 = Economic agent controlled repositories

  21.  FOOD SURPLUS VIA STORAGE
     69    1 = None or barely adequate
     84    2 = Simple or adequate
     33    3 = Complex or More than adequate

  22.  FOOD SUPPLY (ECOLOGICAL OR DISTRIBUTION NETWORK)
     74    1 = Year-round food supply locally
    10     2 = Daily variation in food supply
     86    3 = Seasonal variation
     14    4 = Annual variation
      2    5 = Imported food supply



	<a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds02.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD

Barry, Herbert, III, and Leonora M. Paxson. 1971. ETHNOLOGY 10: 466-508. Cross-Cultural Codes in Barry and Schlegel 1980 2.

Datafile: STDS02.DAT  Vars.  23- 60 infancy &amp; early childhood
       Variables 23-32 deal with infancy only, from the first year until the
       transition to early childhood (see 38-39, 42, 44), usually at 12-18
       months.The early and late infancy periods of variables 24-27 refer to
       the first few months after birth versus the period after crawling
       begins,usually around 9 months. Variables 33-38 include both infancy and
       early childhood, the latter usually to the age of 4-5 years. Variables
       39-50 deal with the transition to childhood, around 12-18
       months.Variables 51-60 provide a comparison of infancy and childhood.


  23.  SLEEPING PROXIMITY OF PARENTS TO INFANT
    ..Comment: here are the frequencies, code, and label headings for this
	variable
    #  of  Code  Descriptive
    Cases  # = Label
    ---    -   -----
     13    . = Missing Data
      -    1 = Mo and Fa in different room than infant
     12    2 = Mo same room (not bed) as infant, Fa different room
      -    3 = Mo same room (not bed) as infant, Fa unspecified
     30    4 = Mo same room (not bed) as infant, Fa different bed
     55    5 = Mo, Fa same room as infant, beds not specified
     24    6 = Mo same bed as infant, Fa different room
      5    7 = Mo same bed as infant, Fa not specified
     24    8 = Mo same bed as infant, Fa same room
     23    9 = Mo and Fa in same bed as infant

  24.  BODILY RESTRICTIVENESS - EARLY INFANCY
     55    . = Missing Data
     42    1 = None except in emergency
      1    2 = Loose confinement - Tether or playpen
     21    3 = Limited space - Bed or hammock
     41    4 = Movement limited - Swaddling, heavy blankets
     26    5 = Often Bound - Cradle Board

  25.  BODILY RESTRICTIVENESS - LATER INFANCY
     63    . = Missing Data
     61    1 = None except in emergency
      8    2 = Loose confinement - Tether or playpen
     14    3 = Limited space - Bed or hammock
     23    4 = Movement limited - Swaddling, heavy blankets
     17    5 = Often Bound - Cradle Board

  26.  BODILY CONTACT - EARLY INFANCY
     65    . = Missing Data
      3    1 = Limited to routine and precautionary care
     16    2 = Occasionally
     33    3 = Up to 1/2 time
     49    4 = &gt; 1/2 time
     20    5 = Almost Constantly

  27.  BODILY CONTACT - LATE INFANCY
     69    . = Missing Data
      3    1 = Limited to routine and precautionary care
     15    2 = Occasionally
     41    3 = Up to 1/2 time
     43    4 = &gt; 1/2 time
     15    5 = Almost Constantly

  28.  INFANT CARRYING DEVICES
     30    . = Missing Data
     22    1 = None, skin contact
     22    2 = None, clothing or blanket
     75    3 = Sling or Pouch
      9    4 = Basket
     28    5 = Rigid Cradleboard

  29.  INFANT CARRYING POSITION
     30    . = Missing Data
     91    1 = Back
     54    2 = Side
     10    3 = Front
      1    4 = Other

  30.  INFANT EYE CONTACT WITH CARRIER
     44    . = Missing Data
     26    1 = Away from carrier
    116    2 = Toward carrier

  31.  INFANT CRYING- RESPONSE
     83    . = Missing Data
      3    1 = Indifferent or punitive
      3    2 = Slow or perfunctory, nurturant
     19    3 = Speedy but inconsistently nurturant
     67    4 = Generally speedy, nurturant
     11    5 = Always speedy, nurturant

  32.  INFANT CRYING- AMOUNT
    139    . = Missing Data
     16    1 = Very Infrequent and brief
     10    2 = Infrequent and short
      9    3 = Infrequent and prolonged
     11    4 = Frequent and short
      1    5 = Frequent and prolonged

  33.  CHILDHOOD PAIN INFLICTION
     38    . = Missing Data
     17    1 = Absent
     37    2 = Only neonatally or very mild pain
     63    3 = Occasional mild pain
     25    4 = Frequent mild pain or infrequent severe pain
      6    5 = Frequent pain
      -    6 = Very painful


  34.  POST - PARTUM SEX TABOO
     52    . = Missing data
      2    1 = Intercourse expected soon after birth
      7    2 = None
     29    3 = 1 month or less
     42    4 = 6 months or less
     12    5 = 1 year or less
     20    6 = 2 years or less
     22    7 = &gt; 2 years

  35.  CEREMONIALISM SURROUNDING CHILD, BEYOND NUCLEAR FAMILY
      7    . = Missing Data
     20    1 = None
     73    2 = Only within first 2 months
     56    3 = One occasion at later age
     20    4 = Two or more ceremonies
     10    5 = Prominent


  36.  MAGICAL PROTECTIVENESS APPLIED TO PARENTS AND CHILD
      8    . = Missing Data
      8    1 = None
     22    2 = Only neonatal period, e.g., couvade
     76    3 = Slight, neonatally and later
     66    4 = Moderate, neonatally and later
      6    5 = Exaggerated, neonatally and later

  37.  PHYSICAL PROTECTIVENESS AGAINST CHILDHOOD ILLNESS

     20    . = Missing Data
      1    1 = No special effort
     43    2 = Slight
     79    3 = Moderate, e.g., regular baths
     4 = Some exceptional techniques, e.g., medicines, ointments,
		diapers
      4    5 = Variety of exceptional techniques

  38.  INTRODUCTION OF NEW FOODS (OTHER THAN MILK) IN CHILDHOOD
     95    . = Missing Data
     33    1 = Before 1 month
     27    2 = 1-6 months
     11    3 = 7-12 months, including solids
      6    4 = 7-12 months, only liquids or premasticated
     14    5 = After 12 months

  39.  WEANING- AGE AND SEVERITY
     29    . = Missing Data
    103    1 = &gt; 2 years and gentle
     27    2 = &gt; 2 years and severe
     17    3 = &gt; 1 year and gentle
      5    4 = &gt; 1 year and severe
      3    5 = &gt; 6 months and gentle
      1    6 = &gt; 6 months and severe
      1    7 = &lt; 6 months and gentle
      -    8 = &lt; 6 months and severe

  40.  MOTOR SKILLS- ENCOURAGEMENT IN CHILDHOOD

    109    . = Missing Data
      2    1 = Discourage or punish early development
      2    2 = Ignore development
     22    3 = No active assistance, but attention given
     42    4 = Definite but inconsistent rewards
      9    5 = Strong Encouragement and assistance

  41.  AUTONOMY- ENCOURAGEMENT IN CHILDHOOD

     81    . = Missing Data
     25    1 = &gt; 4 years and gradual
      3    2 = &gt; 4 years and abrupt
     54    3 = 2-4 years and gradual
     23    4 = 2-4 years and abrupt, or &lt; 2 years and gradual
      -    5 = &lt; 2 years and abrupt
           *   note: recode category 4
               =======================


  42.  ELIMINATION- ENCOURAGEMENT OF CONTROL IN CHILDHOOD

    123    0 = None
      7    1 = 3-5 years
     27    2 = &gt; 18 months
      9    3 = &gt; 1 year
      7    4 = &gt; 6 months
     13    5 = &lt; 6 month

  43.  COVERING GENITALS- AGE

     50    0 = Even adults uncovered
     85    1 = Very late
     14    2 = Late
      2    3 = &gt; 1 year
      1    4 = &lt; 6 months
     34    5 = After birth

  44.  WEANING- AGE OF ONSET

     30    . = Missing Data
     19    1 = up to 12 months
     12    2 = 13 - 20 months
     67    3 = 21 - 24
      6    4 = 25 - 30
     36    5 = 31 - 36
      9    6 = 37 - 42
      7    7 = 43 - 48
      -    8 = 49 - 60
      -    9 = 61 - 72

  45.  WEANING- AGE OF TERMINATION

     30    . = Missing Data
      7    1 = up to 12 months
      5    2 = 13 - 20
     38    3 = 21 - 24
      8    4 = 25 - 30
     64    5 = 31 - 36
     16    6 = 37 - 42
     14    7 = 43 - 48
      4    8 = 49 - 60
      -    9 = 61 - 72 months

  46.  WEANING-  CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL ORDER OF ONSET

     27    . = Missing Data
      7    1 = 1st in onset (among variables 46-50)
     80    2 = 2nd
     57    3 = 3rd
     15    4 = 4th
      -    5 = 5th

  47.  MOTOR SKILLS- CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL ORDER

     10    . = Missing Data
    121    1 = 1st
     46    2 = 2nd
      7    3 = 3rd
      2    4 = 4th
      -    5 = 5th

  48.  AUTONOMY- CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL ORDER
     80    . = Missing Data
      -    1 = 1st
     18    2 = 2nd
     46    3 = 3rd
     33    4 = 4th
      9    5 = 5th

  49.  ELIMINATION CONTROL- CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL ORDER
    122    . = Missing Data
     17    1 = 1st
     31    2 = 2nd
     10    3 = 3rd
     	5    4 = 4th
     5 = 5th

  50.  COVERING GENITALS- CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL ORDER

     36    . = Missing Data
     32    1 = 1st
      9    2 = 2nd
     34    3 = 3rd
     45    4 = 4th
     30    5 = 5th

  51.  NON-MATERNAL RELATIONSHIPS, INFANCY

     24    . = Missing Data
      5    1 = Almost Exclusively Mother
     81    2 = Principally Mother, others minor roles
     63    3 = Principally Mother, others important roles
     10    4 = Mother &lt; 1/2 care
      2    5 = Mother minor but significant
      1    6 = Mother minimal except for nursing

  52.  NON-MATERNAL RELATIONSHIPS, EARLY CHILDHOOD

     50    . = Missing Data
      -    1 = Almost Exclusively Mother
     36    2 = Principally Mother, others important roles
     60    3 = Mother &lt; 1/2 care
     38    4 = Primarily others
      2    5 = Exclusively others

  53.  ROLE OF FATHER, INFANCY

     32    . = Missing Data
      8    1 = Distant
     27    2 = Rarely close
     72    3 = Occasionally close
     44    4 = Frequently close
      3    5 = Regularly close

  54.  ROLE OF FATHER, EARLY CHILDHOOD

     36    . = Missing Data
      4    1 = Distant
     18    2 = Rarely Close
     46    3 = Occasionally Close
     73    4 = Frequently Close
      9    5 = Regularly Close

55.  PRINCIPAL RELATIONSHIPS, INFANCY CARETAKERS AND COMPANIONS

     48    . = Missing Data
     31    1 = Children, Females
      4    2 = Children, unspecified
     11    3 = Children, both sexes
     60    4 = Adult Family, Females
      0    5 = Adult Family, unspecified
      0    6 = Adult Family, both sexe
     17    7 = Others, Female
      1    9 = Others, both sexes


  56.  PRINCIPAL RELATIONSHIPS, EARLY CHILDHOOD CARETAKERS AND COMPANIONS
     45    . = Missing Data
     10    1 = Peer Group, single sex
      1    2 = Peer Group, unspecified
     43    3 = Peer Group, both sexes
     22    4 = Older Children, single sex
      8    5 = Older Children, unspecified
     22    6 = Older Children, both sexes
     14    7 = Adults, single sex
     21    9 = Adults, both sexes

  57.  GENERAL INDULGENCE, INFANCY (taking 51 and 52 into account)

     67    . = Missing Data
      1    1 = Severe or neglectful
      8    2 = Lesser severity
     19    3 = Occasional indulgence
     80    4 = Greater
     11    5 = Highly affectionate

  58.  GENERAL INDULGENCE, INFANCY- MODIFIERS OF GENERAL SCALE TYPES

     67    . = Missing Data
     36    1 = Low in category
     34    2 = Medium in category
     49    3 = High in category
           *   Note: Combine 57 and 58
               =======================

  59.  GENERAL INDULGENCE, EARLY CHILDHOOD (taking 51 and 52 into account)

     54    . = Missing Data
      2    1 = Severe
     24    2 = Less Severity
     32    3 = Occasional Severity
     64    4 = Greater Leniency
     10    5 = Consistently Lenient

  60.  GENERAL INDULGENCE, EARLY CHILDHOOD- MODIFIERS OF GENERAL SCALE TYPES

     54    . = Missing Data
     43    1 = Low in Category
     44    2 = Medium in Category
     45    3 = High in Category
           *   Note: Combine 59 and 60
               =======================



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds03.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION

George P. Murdock and Suzanne F. Wilson.  1972.  ETHNOLOGY 11: 254-295. Cross-Cultural Codes in Barry and Schlegel 1980 3.

Datafile: STDS03.DAT  Vars.  61- 80 settlement &amp; community

  61.  FIXITY OF SETTLEMENT

    # of   Code  Descriptive
    Cases  # = Label
    ---    -   -----
     28    1 = Migratory
     21    2 = Seminomadic- fixed then migratory
      6    3 = Rotating among 2+ fixed
     14    4 = Semisedentary- fixed core, some migratory
     15    5 = Impermanent- periodically moved
    102    6 = Permanent

  62.  COMPACTNESS OF SETTLEMENT

     18    2 = Dispersed
     20    3 = Spatially separated subsettlements
     44    4 = Partially dispersed with central core
    104    1 = Compact
           *   Note: Recode Ordinally
               ======================

  63.  COMMUNITY SIZE

      1    . = Missing Data
     28    1 =        &lt; 50
     28    2 =       50-99
     45    3 =      100-199
     32    4 =      200-399
     29    5 =      400-999
     15    6 =    1,000-4,999
      5    7 =    5,000-49,999
      3    8 = &gt; 50,000

  64.  POPULATION DENSITY

      2    . = Missing Data
     36    1 =    &lt; 1 person per 5 sq. mile
     22    2 =      1 person per 1-5 sq. mile
     25    3 =    1-5   persons per sq. mile
     27    4 =    1-25  persons per sq. mile
     34    5 =   26-100 persons per sq. mile
     20    6 =  101-500 persons per sq. mile
     20    7 = over 500 persons per sq. mile

  65.  TYPES OF DWELLING
      -    . = Missing Data
     13    1 = Conical
      2    2 = Beehive
     11    3 = Dome or hemispherical
      5    4 = Wedge-shape roof
      6    5 = Semicylindrical
     24    6 = Cone-cylinder
     49    7 = Rectangular on ground, vegetal material walls
     18    8 = Rectangular on piles
     17    9 = Rectangular on ground, mineral material walls
     12F  10 = Flat roofs
      9R  11 = Caves or rock shelters
      9T  12 = Tents
      8S  13 = Semisubterranean
      3X  14 = Miscellaneous
           *   note: eliminate letters

  66.  LARGE OR IMPRESSIVE STRUCTURES
     96    1 = None
     24    2 = Residences of influential individuals
     31    3 = Secular or public building(s)
     27    4 = Religious or ceremonial building(s)
      4    5 = Military structure(s)
      4    6 = Economic or industrial building(s)

  67.  HOUSEHOLD FORM
      6    1 = Large communal structures
      4    2 = Multi-family dwellings
     87    3 = Single family dwellings
     37    4 = Family homestead
     24    5 = Multi-dwelling households, each with married pair
      9    6 = Multi-dwelling households, husband rotates among wives
      3    7 = Mother-child households, husbands separate
     16    8 = Multi-dwelling households, each dwelling occupied
               by individual married man or woman

  68.  FORM OF FAMILY (SEE 79, 80)
      7    1 = Monogamous, no polygyny
     42    2 = Monogamous, &lt; 20% polygyny
     26    3 = Polygynous, &gt; 20%
      2    4 = Polyandrous
      9    5 = Stem family, monogamy
      7    6 = Stem family, &lt; 20% polygyny
     10    7 = Small extended, monogamy
     30    8 = Small extended, &lt; 20% polygyny
     19    9 = Small extended, &gt; 20% polygyny
      5M  10 = Large extended, monogamy
     17N  11 = Large extended, &lt; 20% polygyny
     12P  12 = Large extended, &gt; 20% polygyny
           *   note: eliminate letters
               =======================

  69.  MARITAL RESIDENCE
      1    . = Missing data
     38    1 = Matrilocal or uxorilocal - with wife's kin
      8    2 = Avunculocal - with husband's mother's brother's kin
    118    3 = Patrilocal or virilocal - with husband's kin
     12    4 = Ambilocal - with either wife's or husband's kin
      9    5 = Neolocal - separate from kin

  70.  DESCENT - MEMBERSHIP IN CORPORATE KINSHIP GROUPS
     26    1 = Matrilineal - through female line
     10    2 = Double descent - separate groups through male and female lines
     75    3 = Patrilineal - through male line
      6    4 = Ambilineal - through one parent in each generation
     69    5 = Bilateral - not a corporate kin group

  71.  DESCENT GROUPS, LOCATION OF CORE GENDER GROUP
     69    0 = None - Bilateral
     22    1 = Localized lineages - in community, more than one per community
      6    2 = Clan communities - core group and spouses constitute community
     89    3 = Dispersed sibs - core group dispersed in different communities

  72.  INTERCOMMUNITY MARRIAGE
      1    . = Missing data
     11    1 = Local endogamy 90-100%
     50    2 = Local endogamy 61-89% (agamous)
     51    3 = Local endogamy 40-60% (agamous)
     38    4 = Local endogamy 11-39% (agamous)
     5 = Local endogamy  0-10% (exogamy)

  73.  COMMUNITY INTEGRATION
      6    1 = Lacking or low compared to community segments or larger polity
     26    2 = By common residence only
     16    3 = Common Identity, dialect, subculture
     78    4 = Overlapping Kin ties
      8    5 = Common social or economic status
     20    6 = Common political ties
     32    7 = Common religious ties

  74.  PROMINENT COMMUNITY CEREMONIALS
     67    1 = Rites of passage
     69    2 = Calendrical
     36    3 = Magical or religious
     14    4 = Individual sponsored and communally attended (e.g., potlatch)

  75.  CEREMONIAL ELEMENTS
     54    1 = Feasting and/or drinking
     10    2 = Exchanges other than food
     51    3 = Entertainment
     57    4 = Sacrifice other than human
     13    5 = Human sacrifice
      1    6 = Masochistic behavior

  76.  COMMUNITY LEADERSHIP
     13    1 = No centralized local leadership
      4    2 = Higher level only
     54    3 = Single local leader
      8    4 = Dual/plural headmen
     72    5 = Single local leader and council
     15    6 = Local councils
     10    7 = Single local leader and subordinates
     10    8 = Too complex to be coded

  77.  LOCAL POLITICAL SUCCESSION, PRIMARY
      3    . = Missing data
     17    1 = No headman or council
     10    2 = By appointment
     10    3 = Seniority
      2    4 = Divination
     37    5 = Informal consensus
     22    6 = Electoral process
     61    7 = Patrilineal
     14    8 = Matrilineal
     10    9 = Hereditary with personal qualifications

  78.  LOCAL POLITICAL SUCCESSION, SECONDARY
    126    . = Missing Data
      -    1 = No headman or council
      -    2 = By appointment
     33    3 = Seniority
      -    4 = Divination
     22    5 = Informal consensus
      3    6 = Electoral process
      2    7 = Patrilineal

  79.  POLYGAMY
      2    1 = Polyandry - primarily monogamous with some plural husbands
     31    2 = Monogamy
     96    3 = Polygyny &lt; 20% plural wives (if more frequent than polyandry)
     67    4 = Polygyny &gt; 20% plural wives (if more frequent than polyandry)

80.  FAMILY SIZE
      7    1 = Nuclear Monogamous
     70    2 = Nuclear Polygynous
     16    3 = Stem Family
     59    4 = Small extended
     34    5 = Large extended


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds04.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

Tuden, Arthur, and Catherine Marshall.  1972.  ETHNOLOGY 11:436-464. Cross-Cultural Codes in Barry and Schlegel 1980 4.

Datafile: STDS04.DAT  Vars.  81- 98 political organization

  81.  POLITICAL AUTONOMY
      2    . = Missing data
     16    1 = Dependent totally
     41    2 = Semi-autonomous
      4    3 = Tribute paid
     78    4 = De facto autonomy
     16    5 = Equal status in pluralistic society
     29    6 = Fully autonomous

  82.  TREND IN AUTONOMY
      2    . = Missing data
     54    1 = Declining autonomy
     43    2 = Declining territory or population control
     49    3 = State of equilibrium
     22    4 = State of equilibrium, expanding territory
     16    5 = Increasing autonomy

  83.  LEVELS OF SOVEREIGNTY
      2    . = Missing data
     98    1 = Stateless society
     31    2 = Sovereignty 1st hierarchical level up
     14    3 = Sovereignty 2nd hierarchical level up
     41    4 = Sovereignty 3rd or higher hierarchical level

  84.  HIGHER POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
      3    . = Missing data
     85    1 = Absent
     28    2 = Peace group
     46    3 = Alliances
      7    4 = Confederation
     17    5 = International organization

  85.  EXECUTIVE
      3    . = Missing data
     98    1 = Absent
      7    2 = Council
     22    3 = Executive and Council
      2    4 = Plural executive
     54    5 = Single leader

  86.  SELECTION OF EXECUTIVE
      7    . = Missing data
     98    1 = Absent
     21    2 = Patrilineal, Fa to So
      3    3 = Patrilineal, Fa to FaBr, then to So
      5    4 = Matrilineal, MoBr to SiSo
      1    5 = Matrilineal, MoBr to MoBr
     24    6 = Ruling family
      1    7 = Decision by limited power group
     12    8 = Elected by council
      2    9 = Informal recognition
      6(10)E = Formal elections
      5 (11) A = Appointee of alien society
      1 (12) D = Divination

  87.  DELIBERATIVE AND CONSULTATIVE BODIES
      5    . = Missing data
    154    1 = Absent
      5    2 = Aristocrats
      5    3 = Appointed
      9    4 = By ethnic components
      8    5 = Elective

  88.  ADVISORY BODIES
      5    . = Missing data
     98    1 = Absence of sovereignty
     28    2 = Absent
     14    3 = Relatives of executive
      2    4 = Favorites of executive
      -    5 = Secret society
     13    6 = Subordinate groups
      3    7 = Hereditary
     23    8 = Subordinate functionaries

  89.  JUDICIARY
      3    . = Missing data
    103    1 = Absent
      6    2 = Not local
     49    3 = Executive
     23    4 = Appointed by executive
      1    5 = Priesthood
      1    6 = Hereditary

  90.  POLICE
      6    . = Missing data
    124    1 = Not specialized
      4    2 = Incipient specialization
      4    3 = Retainers of chiefs
      6    4 = Military
     42    5 = Specialized

  91.  ADMINISTRATIVE HIERARCHY
      3    . = Missing data
     98    1 = Absent
      7    2 = Popular Assemblies
      8    3 = Heads of kin groups
     38    4 = Heads of decentralized territorial divisions
     31    5 = Heads of centralized territorial divisions
      1    6 = Part of centralized system

  92.  SELECTION OF SUBORDINATE OFFICIALS
      9    . = Missing data
     98    1 = Absent
     16    2 = Patrilineal succession
      2    3 = Matrilineal succession
     12    4 = Ruling lineage
      2    5 = Seniority of age
      4    6 = Personal qualities
     10    7 = Formal election
     33    8 = Appointment by executive

VARIABLES 93-98:                   SOURCES OF POLITICAL POWER

  93.  POLITICAL POWER- MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE
  94.  SECOND MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE
  95.  THIRD
  96.  FOURTH
  97.  FIFTH
  98.  SIXTH
                                       Number of Cases for Each Variable:

                                         93   94   95   96   97   98
                                         --   --   --   --   --   --
                                        1st  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th
       . = Missing data                    3  114  145  170  181  184
       0 = Direct subsistence production  90
       1 = Warfare wealth                 11    5    6    3
       2 = Tribute or taxes                3    4    1    1         1
       3 = Slaves                         13   12    4    1    2
       4 = Contributions of free citizens 20    7         2
       5 = Large land-holdings            12    5    1
       6 = Political office               14    8   14    6    1
       7 = Foreign Commerce                6   19    9    2    1    1
       8 = Capitalistic enterprises       11    6    4    1
       9 = Priestly services               3    6    2         1



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds05.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
DIVISION OF LABOR

Murdock, George P., and Caterina Provost.  1973.  ETHNOLOGY 12:203-225. Cross-Cultural Codes in Barry and Schlegel 1980.

Datafile: STDS05.DAT  Vars.  99-148 division of labor
    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds05.DES">Description of study</a><br>


Codebook corrections: 3/16/2007 Variables 99-148
       . = Task Present, sex    --&gt; -1 = Task Present, sex
      -1 = No data on task      --&gt;  . = No data on task


    FOOD COLLECTION
     Table 1
  99.  VEGETAL
 100.  EGGS, INSECTS, AND/OR SMALL LAND FAUNA
 101.  SHELLFISH/SMALL AQUATIC FAUNA
 102.  HONEY
 103.  FOWLING
 104.  FISHING
 105.  TRAPPING
 106.  LARGE LAND FAUNA
 107.  LARGE AQUATIC FAUNA
                                Number of Cases for Each Variable:
       Murdock&amp;P. 1973 Table 1: 44  37  39  16   8  18  20   5   1
                                99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
                                -- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
       . = Missing data          7  53  24  80  29   4  15   6   9
      -1 = Task Present, sex ?  34  48  22  20   2  10   1       2
       0 = Task absent          10  18  85  38  16  29  20  36 127
       1 = Males exclusively     6  27  11  39 131  83 136 139  48
       2 = Males predominant     4   3   4   5   5  45  12   5
       3 = Equally              18   9   1   2   3   8   1
       4 = Females predominant  42  13  12           5   1
       5 = Females exclusively  65  15  27   2       2

    FOOD PRODUCTION

 108.  LAND CLEARANCE
 109.  SOIL PREPARATION
 110.  PLANTING
 111.  CROP TENDING
 112.  HARVESTING
 113.  SMALL DOMESTIC ANIMALS
 114.  LARGE DOMESTIC ANIMALS
 115.  MILKING
                               Number of Cases for Each Variable:

                               108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115
                               --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
      -1 = Task Present, sex     1   1       3      70  10  10
       . = No data on task       2   2   1   4   1   6   2   1
       0 = Task absent          44  49  44  48  44  13  76 127
       1 = Males exclusively    95  66  27  22  10  19  54  15
       2 = Males predominantly  34  27  35  23  37   8  24   2
       3 = Equally               6  14  33  24  34  14  14   8
       4 = Females predominant   3  17  26  30  34  12   3   2
       5 = Females exclusively   1  10  20  32  26  44   3  21

    FOOD PREPARATION

 116.  VEGETAL
 117.  BUTCHERING
 118.  PRESERVATION
 119.  DRINKS
 120.  DAIRY
 121.  COOKING
                               Number of Cases for Each Variable:

                               116 117 118 119 120 121
                               --- --- --- --- --- ---
       . = Missing data          8  19  25  16   8   1
      -1 = Task Present, sex ?   2  16  64  42  20   1
       0 = Task absent           2   8  31  37 130
       1 = Males exclusively     3 122  18  15   4
       2 = Males predominantly   1   9   2   3       2
       3 = Equally               4   4   3   4       2
       4 = Females predominant  21   4   3   4      63
       5 = Females exclusively 145   4  40  65  24 117

    EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES

 122.  MINING/QUARRYING
 123.  FUEL GATHERING
 124.  LUMBERING
 125.  WATER FETCHING
                               Number of Cases for Each Variable:

                               122 123 124 125
                               --- --- --- ---
      -1 = Task Present, sex     6  11  16  25
       . = No data on task      39   7  17   1
       0 = Task absent         106   1  14
       1 = Males exclusively    31  25 135   4
       2 = Males predominantly   1  12   4   4
       3 = Equally               2  12       8
       4 = Females predominant      24      13
       5 = Females exclusively   1  94     131

    INTERMEDIATE PROCESSING

 126.  SKINS
 127.  SPINNING
 128.  LOOM WEAVING
 129.  SMELTING
                               Number of Cases for Each Variable:

                               126 127 128 129
                               --- --- --- ---
      -1 = Task Present, sex    44   9   1
       . = No data on task      13  30  16  24
       0 = Task absent          48  56  81 125
       1 = Males exclusively    39   7  24  37
       2 = Males predominantly   4   3
       3 = Equally               2   4   6
       4 = Females predominant   5   5   8
       5 = Females exclusively  31  72  50

    MANUFACTURING

 130.  MATMAKING
 131.  NETMAKING
 132.  BASKETMAKING
 133.  ROPE OR CORDAGE
 134.  LEATHER
 135.  CLOTHING
 136.  POTTERY
 137.  WOOD
 138.  BONE
 139.  STONE
 140.  METAL
 141.  MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
                               Number of Cases for Each Variable:

                               130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141
                               --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
       . = No data on task      23  31  16  16  23  23  14   4  46  43      16
       0 = Task absent          29  45  22   3  57  36  61   1  14  39  93   8
       1 = Males exclusively    30  42  37  62  35  16  14 159  71  67  85  83
       2 = Males predominantly   4   2   9   7   3   4   5   3   7       1   3
       3 = Equally               9   5  15  18   2  11   6   1   2   6       1
       4 = Females predominant   5   1  18   5   5  13   6   1
       5 = Females exclusively  55  15  51  19  29  78  74       2           1
      -1 = Task Present, sex    31  45  19  56  32   5   6  17  44  31   7  74

    MISCELLANEOUS

 142.  FIRE
 143.  LAUNDERING
 144.  BODILY MUTILATION
 145.  BONESETTING/SURGERY
 146.  BURDEN CARRYING
 147.  BOATBUILDING
 148.  HOUSEBUILDING
                               Number of Cases for Each Variable:

                               142 143 144 145 146 147 148
                               --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
      -1 = Task Present, sex    96   9  45  17   6   5   6
       . = No data on task       1  59  22  88  31  11   1
       0 = Task absent           3  52  13  37   3  79   1
       1 = Males exclusively    40   5  36  34  18  84 105
       2 = Males predominantly   6       4   6  12   3  30
       3 = Equally              16   4  48   4  46   3  14
       4 = Females predominant   4   8   6      34       9
       5 = Females exclusively  20  49  12      36   1  20


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds06.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
CULTURAL COMPLEXITY (aka MODERNIZATION: see On Campus: <a href="http://ccr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/38/1/3">Cultural Complexity Revisited</a> Trevor Denton
<br>OffCampus: <a href="https://vpn.nacs.uci.edu/http/0/ccr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/38/1/3">Cultural Complexity Revisited</a> Trevor Denton)

Murdock, George P., and Caterina Provost.  1971.  ETHNOLOGY 12:379-392. Cross-Cultural Codes in Barry and Schlegel 1980.

Datafile: STDS06.DAT  Vars. 149-158 cultural complexity

 149.  SCALE 1-  WRITING AND RECORDS

     73    1 = None
     49    2 = Mnemonic devices
     21    3 = Nonwritten records
     12    4 = True writing; no records
     31    5 = True writing; records

 150.  SCALE 2-  FIXITY OF RESIDENCE

     28    1 = Nomadic
     21    2 = Seminomadic
     20    3 = Semisedentary
     15    4 = Sedentary; impermanent
    102    5 = Sedentary

 151.  SCALE 3-  AGRICULTURE

     38    1 = None
     17    2 = 10% food supply
     11    3 = 10%; secondary
     63    4 = Primary; not intensive
     57    5 = Primary; intensive

 152.  SCALE 4-  URBANIZATION

     56    1 = fewer than 100 persons
     43    2 = 100-199 persons
     33    3 = 200-399 persons
     30    4 = 400-999 persons
     24    5 = 1000 persons

 153.  SCALE 5-  TECHNOLOGICAL SPECIALIZATION

     39    1 = None
     27    2 = Pottery only
     31    3 = Loom weaving only
     56    4 = Metalwork only
     33    5 = Smiths, weavers, potters

 154.  SCALE 6-  LAND TRANSPORT

    108    1 = Human only
     42    2 = Pack animals
     14    3 = Draft animals
     11    4 = Animal-drawn vehicles
     11    5 = Automotive vehicles

 155.  SCALE 7-  MONEY

     77    1 = None
     14    2 = Domestically usable articles
     43    3 = Alien currency
     27    4 = Elementary forms
     25    5 = True money

 156.  SCALE 8-  DENSITY OF POPULATION

     58    1 = less than 1 person/square mile
     25    2 = 1-5 persons/square mile
     28    3 = 5.1-25 persons/square mile
     35    4 = 26-100 persons/square mile
     40    5 = 100 persons/square mile

 157.  SCALE 9-  POLITICAL INTEGRATION

     11    1 = None
     72    2 = Autonomous local communities
     46    3 = 1 level above community
     28    4 = 2 levels above community
     29    5 = 3 levels above community

 158.  SCALE 10- SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

     65    1 = Egalitarian
     52    2 = Hereditary slavery
     19    3 = 2 social classes, no castes/slavery
     20    4 = 2 social classes, castes/slavery
     30    5 = 3 social classes or castes, with or without slavery

 158.1. SUM OF CULTURAL COMPLEXITY (v149-v158)

          10 = lowest
          50 = highest

    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds07.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds07.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
SEXUAL ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES

Broude,Gwen, and Sarah J. Greene.  1976.  ETHNOLOGY 15:409-429. Cross-Cultural Codes in Barry and Schlegel 1980.

Datafile: STDS07.DAT  Vars. 159-178 sexual practices &amp; attitudes

 159.  TALK ABOUT SEX
    126    . =  Missing data
     18    1 =  Adults and adults talk explicitly
      2    2 =  Except with children
     13    3 =  Except with certain people
      9    4 =  Only with intimates
     18    5 =  Never

 160.  SEX FREQUENCY IN MARRIAGE
    120    . =  Missing data
     11    1 =  No abstinence
     40    2 =  Abstinence at times
      6    3 =  Moderation
      9    4 =  Abstinence admired

 161.  SEX BELIEVED DANGEROUS
    152    . =  Missing data
     14    1 =  Absent
      4    2 =  With specific categories
      9    3 =  Only unusual practices
      1    4 =  Only sexual secretions
      6    5 =  Always

 162.  FOREPLAY
    151    . =  Missing data
     18    1 =  Present
      4    2 =  Minimal
     13    3 =  Absent

 163.  AGE FOR CLOTHING-  MALE
    147    . =  Missing data
      6    1 =  Never
      1    2 =  Adulthood
      9    3 =  Puberty
     19    4 =  Toddler to puberty
      1    5 =  Toddler
      3    6 =  At birth

 164.  AGE FOR CLOTHING-  FEMALE
    138    . =  Missing data
      4    1 =  Never
      2    2 =  Adulthood
      7    3 =  Puberty
     27    4 =  Toddler to puberty
      5    5 =  Toddler
      3    6 =  At birth



 165.  PREMARITAL SEX ATTITUDES-  FEMALE
     56    . =  Missing data
     30    1 =  Expected
     28    2 =  Tolerated
     22    3 =  Mildly disapproved
     11    4 =  Moderately disapproved
      4    5 =  Disallowed
     35    6 =  Strongly disapproved

 166.  FREQUENCY OF PREMARITAL SEX-  MALE
     84    . =  Missing data
     60    1 =  Universal
     18    2 =  Moderate
     11    3 =  Occasional
     13    4 =  Uncommon

 167.  FREQUENCY OF PREMARITAL SEX-  FEMALE
     77    . =  Missing data
     51    1 =  Universal
     19    2 =  Moderate
     16    3 =  Occasional
     23    4 =  Uncommon

 168.  INITIATOR OF PREMARITAL SEX
    156    . =  Missing data
      5    1 =  Women always
      -    2 =  Women more than men
      9    3 =  Both equally
      5    4 =  Men more than women
     11    5 =  Men always

 169.  EXTRAMARITAL SEX
     77    . =  Missing data
     13    1 =  Single standard-  both allowed
     48    2 =  Double standard-  husband only
     24    3 =  Double standard-  both forbidden, women punished more
     24    4 =  Single standard- both condemned equally

 170.  FREQUENCY OF EXTRAMARITAL SEX-  MALE
    135    . =  Missing data
      6    1 =  Universal
     29    2 =  Moderate
      6    3 =  Occasional
     10    4 =  Uncommon

 171.  FREQUENCY OF EXTRAMARITAL SEX-  FEMALE
    133    . =  Missing data
      6    1 =  Universal
     23    2 =  Moderate
      9    3 =  Occasional
     15    4 =  Uncommon



 172.  WIFESHARING
     83    . =  Missing data
      4    1 =  For any reason
     11    2 =  Vis-a-vis specific group men
      5    3 =  Vis-a-vis specific man
      7    4 =  Occasionally for sex gratification
      3    5 =  For husband's economic benefit
     11    6 =  Aside from sex gratification
     62    7 =  None

 173.  RAPE
    147    . =  Missing data
      9    1 =  Accepted/ignored
      4    2 =  Ridiculed
      8    3 =  Mildly disapproved
     18    4 =  Strongly disapproved

 174.  FREQUENCY OF RAPE
    155    . =  Missing data
      8    1 =  Absent
     10    2 =  Rare
     13    3 =  Common

 175.  MALE SEXUAL AGGRESSIVENESS

    126    . =  Missing data
      5    1 =  Men diffident, shy
      7    2 =  Men sexually forward but not diffident
     26    3 =  Men forward verbally
      7    4 =  Men forward physically
      6    5 =  Men forward; hostile occasionally
      9    6 =  Men forward; hostile typically

 176.  HOMOSEXUALITY

    146    . =  Missing data
      9    1 =  Accepted/ignored
      4    2 =  None
      6    3 =  Ridiculed, no punishment
      4    4 =  Mildly disapproved
     17    5 =  Strongly disapproved

 177.  FREQUENCY OF HOMOSEXUALITY

    117    . =  Missing data
     40    1 =  Absent
     29    2 =  Present

 178.  IMPOTENCE

    149    . =  Missing data
      7    1 =  No concern
     30    2 =  Concern



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds08.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
CLIMATE DATA FROM WEATHER STATIONS. Referenced in "Winter temperature as a
constraint to the migration of preindustrial peoples" Whiting et al.
American Anthropologist 84:279-298 (1982). The weather data is cited as
coming from Walter, H., and H. Leith (1964) Klimadiagramm-Weltatlas,
Jena: Gustav Fischer.

Whiting, John W. M. (New Codes: Not Previously Published)

Datafile: STDS08.DAT  Vars. 179-199 climate
These codes are taken from Climate maps, for weather stations closest to
the time and place of each societal focus.

 179.  LATITUDE OF WEATHER STATION
           0 = Min (Equator)
          80 = Max (Pole)

 180.  LATITUDE HEMISPHERE
    128    1 = North
     52    2 = South

 181.  LONGITUDE OF WEATHER STATION
           0 = Min (Greenwich Meridian passes through London)
         180 = Max (mid-Pacific Meridian)

 182.  LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE
    104    3 = East
     75    4 = West

 183.  ALTITUDE IN METERS
           0 = Min
        3822 = Max

 184.  YEARS OF OBSERVATION--TEMPERATURE
          00 = Min (l900)
          70 = Max (l970)

 185.  YEARS OF OBSERVATION--PRECIPITATION
          00 = Min (l900)
          73 = Max (l973)

 186.  MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE (xC)
         -16 = Min
          29 = Max

 187.  HOTTEST MONTH MEAN TEMPERATURE (xC)
           3 = Min
          46 = Max

 188.  COLDEST MONTH MEAN TEMPERATURE (xC)
         -28 = Min
          44 = Max

 189.  MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (mm)
           0 = Min
        4819 = Max

 190.  MEAN DAILY MIN COLDEST MONTH (xC)
         -61 = Min
          24 = Max
 191.  MEAN DAILY MAX HOTTEST MONTH (xC)
          -2 = Min
          41 = Max

 192.  HIGHEST PRECIPITATION IN WETTEST MONTH (mm)
           0 = Min
         670 = Max

 193.  LOWEST PRECIPITATION IN DRYEST MONTH (mm)
           0 = Min
         295 = Max

 194.  WETTEST MONTH
     11    1 = Jan
      -    2 = Feb
      2    3 = March
      6    4 = Apr
     12    5 = May
     20    6 = June
     39    7 = July
     38    8 = Aug
     23    9 = Sept
     15   10 = Oct
      5   11 = Nov
      7   12 = Dec

 195.  DRYEST MONTH
     52    1 = Jan
     36    2 = Feb
     12    3 = March
     11    4 = Apr
      4    5 = May
     10    6 = June
     16    7 = July
      8    8 = Aug
      3    9 = Sept
      2   10 = Oct
      4   11 = Nov
     20   12 = Dec

 196.  NUMBER OF DRY MONTHS
     76    0 = None
      8    1 =
     13    2 =
     10    3 =
     19    4 =
     13    5 =
     15    6 =
     10    7 =
      8    8 =
      1    9 =
      3   10 =
      1   11 =
      9   12 =

 197.  HOTTEST MONTH
      2    1 = Jan
      5    2 = Feb
     11    3 = Mar
     23    4 = Apr
     30    5 = May
     13    6 = June
     66    7 = July
     18    8 = Aug
      7    9 = Sept
      2   10 = Oct
      2   11 = Nov
     24   12 = Dec

 198.  COLDEST MONTH
    117    1 = Jan
     14    2 = Feb
      1    3 = Mar
      1    4 = Apr
      -    5 = May
      4    6 = June
      7    7 = July
      8    8 = Aug
      1    9 = Sept
      2   10 = Oct
      1   11 = Nov
     22   12 = Dec

       Note distribution of sample and earth's population is more towards the
       cold Northerly regions (coldest in January) than  the  cold  Southerly
       regions (coldest in July).

 199.  NUMBER OF FROST MONTHS
    158    0 = None
      1    1 =
      -    2 =
      -    3 =
      -    4 =
      1    5 =
      1    6 =
      7    7 =
      3    8 =
      6    9 =
      2   10 =
      5   11 =
      2   12 =



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds09.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
ETHNOGRAPHIC ATLAS. Ethnoatlas codes 200-291 were changed in the World Cultures revision by
J. Patrick Gray, 1998 <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/Codebook4EthnoAtlas.pdf">
PDF</a><a> Ethnographic Atlas Codebook]. World Cultures] 10(1):86-136. eclectic.ss.uci.edu
Changes in this part of the codebook need to be checked and aligned with
ATLAS CODES and frequencies recomputed. They. were partly corrected starting
with v.208 on May 8, 2009). These still need extensive work to integrate the
new codebook into this document.

Murdock, George P.  1962-1971.  Installments in ETHNOLOGY.

       STDS09.DAT  200-231
       STDS10.DAT  232-268
       STDS11.DAT      269
       STDS12.DAT  270-292

 200.  REGION
     28    1 = Africa
                Exclusive of Madagascar and the Sahara
     28    2 = Circum-Mediterranean
                North Africa, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Semitic Near East
     34    3 = East Eurasia
                including Madagascar and Islands in Indian Ocean
     31    4 = Insular Pacific
                including Australia, Indonesia, Formosa, Phillipines
     33    5 = North America
                indigenous societies to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec
     32    6 = South America
                including Antilles, Yucatan, Central America

 201.  AREA
           1 - 10 (Murdock 1962, ETHNOLOGY 1: 124-134)

      1 AFRICA     2 CIRCUM    3 E EUR     4 INS PAC   5 N AMER    6 S AMER
    1 Afr. Hunters Ethiop-Horn Middle East Phl-Formosa Arctic Amer C.America
    2 S.Afr. Bantu Mosl. Sudan Cntrl. Asia W.Indonesia N.W.Coast   Caribbean
    3 C. Bantu     Sahara      Arctic Asia E.Indonesia California  Guiana
    4 N.E.Bantu    N. Africa   East Asia   New Guinea  Gr.Basin-Pl Lower Amaz
    5 Equit. Bantu S. Europe   Himalayas   Australia   Plains      Inner Amaz
    6 Guinea Coast Overseas E. N.-C.India  Micronesia  Prarie      Andes
    7 W. Sudan     N.W. Europe South India W.Melanesia E.Woodlands Chile-Pata
    8 Nigerian Pt. E. Europe   Indian Ocn. E.Melanesia Southwest   Gran Chago
    9 E. Sudan     Turk-Caus.  Assam-Burma W.Polynesia N.W.Mexico  Mato Grosso
    0 Upper Nile   Sem.Near E. S.E.Asia    E.Polynesia C.Mexico    E. Brazil


 202.  EA NUMBER
         1 - 51 (Within Area)

    203-207: SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY: PERCENTAGE DEPENDENCE

 203.  DEPENDENCE ON GATHERING (Atlas 1)
 204.  DEPENDENCE ON HUNTING (Atlas 3)
 205.  DEPENDENCE ON FISHING (Atlas 3)
 206.  DEPENDENCE ON ANIMAL HUSBANDRY (Atlas 4)
         *Correct Spss case 50: Basque: Husbandry should be 3 not 4
         *Coding on 75: Khmer inconsistently coded 10235 sums to 110%
 207.  DEPENDENCE ON AGRICULTURE (Atlas 5)
                               Number of Cases for Each Variable:

                               203     204     205     206     207
                               Gath    Hunt    Fish    Anim    Agri
       0 =  0 - 5% Dependence   86      64      57      77      44
       1 =  6 - 15%             51      47      55      39      11
       2 = 16 - 25%             23      33      29      29       4
       3 = 26 - 35%              9      19      14      19       2
       4 = 36 - 45%              9      11      12       7      16
       5 = 46 - 55%              4       5      11       3      36
       6 = 56 - 65%              3       3       5       2      39
       7 = 66 - 75%              -       2       1       1      17
       8 = 76 - 85%              1       1       1       4      13
       9 = 86 - 100%             -       1       1       5       4

 208.  MODE OF MARRIAGE (Atlas 6)
 209.  MODE OF MARRIAGE (ALTERNATE) (Atlas 7)
                                                       208    209
                                                       Mode  Altern
       1 = Bride-Price or -Wealth, to bride's family        71      9
       2 = Bride-Service, to bride's family                  9      3
       3 = Token Bride-price                                42      -
       4 = Gift Exchange, reciprocal                        16      4
       5 = Sister or Female Relative Exchanged for Bride     9      9
       6 = Absence of Consideration                         15      -
       7 = Dowry, to bride from her family                  24     15
       THE CODE ABOVE WAS REVISED TO FORM A CONTINUUM OF CONTRAST FROM BRIDE-PRICE WITH DOWRY
       THE FOLLOWING CODE IS OBSOLETE and the code above was substituted May 9, 2009
                                                       208    209
                                                       Mode  Altern
       1 = Bride-Price or -Wealth, to bride's family        71      9
       2 = Dowry, to bride from her family                  24     15
       3 = Gift Exchange, reciprocal                        16      4
       4 = Absence of Consideration                         15      -
       5 = Bride-Service, to bride's family                  9      3
       6 = Token Bride-price                                42      -
       7 = Sister or Female Relative Exchanged for Bride     9      9
       9 = No Alternative                                         146
       PAT GRAY SAYS THE CODES SHOULD HAVE THESE FREQUENCIES BUT THE FREQS ARE NOT CORRECT.
       Bride-Price 											71
	   Bride-Service										24
	   Token Bride-price									16
	   Gift-Exchange										15
	   Sister ... 											 9
	   Absence... 											42
	   Dowry 												 9

 210.  DOMESTIC ORGANIZATION (Atlas 8)

      1    . = Missing Data
     14    1 = Independent Nuclear Family, Monogamous
     43    2 = Independent Nuclear Family, occasional Polygyny
      3    3 = Independent Polyandrous Families
      6    4 = Polygynous: Unusual Co-wives Pattern (4, 6 below)
     21    5 = Polygynous: Usual Co-Wife Pattern (3, 5 below)
     12    6 = Minimal (stem) extended families
     44    7 = Small Extended Families
     42    8 = Large Extended Families
		   *   ADD LABEL 8 to your Spss file v210

 211.  COMPOSITION OF DOMESTIC GROUP (Atlas 9 combined)

      1    . = Missing Data
     14    1 = Independent Nuclear, Monogamous
     43    2 = Independent Nuclear, Occasional Polygyny
      4    3 = Preferentially Sororal, Cowives in same dwelling
      1    4 = Preferentially Sororal, Cowives separate dwellings
     17    5 = Non-Sororal, Cowives in separate dwellings
      5    6 = Non-Sororal, Cowives in same dwelling
      3    7 = Independent Polyandrous Families
     98    8 = Extended Family
		   *   8 in Spss: was previously coded here as 9

 212.  MARITAL COMPOSITION WITHIN EXTENDED FAMILIES (Atlas 9 combined)
     21    1 = Monogamy
     39    2 = Occasional or limited polygyny
     12    3 = Preferentially sororal, co-wives in same dwelling
      1    4 = Preferentially sororal, co-wives separate dwelling
     16    5 = Non-sororal, co-wives separate dwelling
      9    6 = Non-sororal polygyny, co-wives in same dwelling
     88    7 = Polyandry, or no extended family
		   *   7 in Spss: was previously coded here as 9

 213.  MARITAL RESIDENCE WITH KIN: FIRST YEARS (Atlas 10 combined)
      1    . = Missing Data
      1    1 = Ambilocal: with either kin group
      4    2 = Nonestablishment of Common Household
     30    3 = Uxorilocal: with wife's parents
      4    4 = Virilocal: with husband's parents
    147    5 = Same as Prevalent Residence (#215)
       THE CODE ABOVE WAS REVISED TO FORM A CONTINUUM FROM BILOCAL TO VIRILOCAL
       EXCLUDING 5
       THE FOLLOWING CODE IS OBSOLETE and the code above was substituted May 9, 2009
      1    . = Missing Data
    147   -1 = Same as Prevalent Residence (#215)
      4    0 = Nonestablishment of Common Household
     30    2 = Uxorilocal: with wife's parents
      1    4 = Bilocal: with either kin group
      4    7 = Virilocal: with husband's parents

 214.  TRANSFER OF RESIDENCE AT MARRIAGE: FIRST YEARS (Atlas 10 combined)

      1     . = Missing Data
      3     1 = Wife to Husband's Group (7 in 213)
      1     2 = Couple to either Group or Neolocal (4 in 213)
     30     3 = Husband to Wife's Group (2 in 213)
      4     4 = No Common Residence (0 in 213)
    147     5 = Same as Prevalent Residence (#216)
            *   Note: get rid of this variable (redundant)
       THE CODE ABOVE WAS REVISED TO FORM A CONTINUUM FROM BILOCAL TO VIRILOCAL
       EXCLUDING 5
       THE FOLLOWING CODE IS OBSOLETE and the code above was substitute May 30, 2009
      1     . = Missing Data
    147    -1 = Same as Prevalent Residence (#216)
      3     1 = Wife to Husband's Group (7 above)
      1     2 = Couple to either Group or Neolocal (4 above)
     30     3 = Husband to Wife's Group (2 above)
      4     9 = No Common Residence (0 above)
            *   Note: get rid of this variable (redundant)

 215.  MARITAL RESIDENCE WITH KIN: AFTER FIRST YEARS (Atlas 11)
      1    . = Missing Data
      1    0 = Nonestablishment of Common Household
     16    1 = Matrilocal: with wife's unilineal kin group
     14    2 = Uxorilocal: with wife's parents
      1    3 = Optional avuncu- or uxori-local
     15 12 4 = Bilocal: with either kin group
      8    5 = Avunculocal: with husband's mother's brother
      1    6 = Optional avuncu-, viri-, or patri-locality
     41 48 7 = Virilocal: with husband's parents
     71 69 8 = Patrilocal: with husband's unilineal kin group
     17 15 9 = Neolocal: independent of kin
       NEW FREQUENCIES FROM PATRICK GRAY ETHNOATLAS CORRECTIONS

 216.  TRANSFER OF RESIDENCE AT MARRIAGE: AFTER FIRST YEARS (Atlas 12***)
      1    . = Missing Data
    121126 1 = Wife to Husband's Group (5, 6, 7, 8 above)
     33 28 2 = Couple to either Group or Neolocal (3, 4, 9 above)
     30    3 = Husband to Wife's Group (1, 2 above)
      1    4 = No Common Residence (0 above)
		   *   4 in Spss: was previously coded here as 9
       NEW FREQUENCIES FROM PATRICK GRAY ETHNOATLAS CORRECTIONS

 217.  MARITAL RESIDENCE WITH KIN: ALTERNATE FORM (Atlas 12***)
      1    . = Missing Data
      -    0 = Nonestablishment of Common Household
      -    1 = Matrilocal: with wife's unilineal kin group
     28    2 = Uxorilocal: with wife's parents
      1    3 = Optional avuncu- or uxori-local
    ? 2    4 = Bilocal: with either kin group
      9    5 = Avunculocal: with husband's mother's brother
      -    6 = Optional avuncu-, viri-, or patri-locality
     16    7 = Virilocal: with husband's parents
      2    8 = Patrilocal: with husband's unilineal kin group
     20    9 = Neolocal: independent of kin
    107   10 = Same as Prevalent Residence (#215)
		   *   10 in Spss: was previously coded here as -1
		   *   2  in original code RECODED IN PATRICK GRAY ETHNOATLAS CORRECTIONS
       THE FOLLOWING CODE IS OBSOLETE and the code above was substituted May 9, 2009
      1    . = Missing Data
    107   -1 = Same as Prevalent Residence (#215)
      -    0 = Nonestablishment of Common Household
      -    1 = Matrilocal: with wife's unilineal kin group
     28    2 = Uxorilocal: with wife's parents
      1    3 = Optional avuncu- or uxori-local
      2    4 = Bilocal: with either kin group
      9    5 = Avunculocal: with husband's mother's brother
      -    6 = Optional avuncu-, viri-, or patri-locality
     16    7 = Virilocal: with husband's parents
      2    8 = Patrilocal: with husband's unilineal kin group
     20    9 = Neolocal: independent of kin
		   *   10 in Spss: was previously coded here as -1

 218.  TRANSFER OF RESIDENCE AT MARRIAGE: ALTERNATE FORM (Atlas 14)
      1    . = Missing Data
     27    1 = Wife to Husband's Group (5, 6, 7, 8 above)
     23    2 = Couple to either Group or Neolocal (3, 4, 9 above)
     28    3 = Husband to Wife's Group (1, 2 above)
    107    4 = Same as Prevalent Residence (#215)
		   *   4 in Spss: was previously coded here as -1

 219.  COMMUNITY MARRIAGE ORGANIZATION (Atlas 15)
 220.  COMMUNITY MARRIAGE ORGANIZATION (Alternate) (Atlas 16)
                                                        219   220
                                                       Cmnty. Altern.
       . = Missing Data                                      4     -
       1 = Demes (not segmented into clan barrios)          17     -
       2 = Segmented communities without local exogamy      40     3
       3 = Agamous communities                              66     -
       4 = Exogamous communities (not clans)                28     -
       5 = Segmented communities (containing localized
            clans) with local exogamy                        2     -
       6 = Clan communities (or clan barrios)               29     -
       9 = No secondary organization                         -   183

 221.  LARGEST PATRILINEAL KIN GROUP (Atlas 17)
 222.  LARGEST PATRILINEAL EXOGAMOUS GROUP (IF DIFFERENT)
 223.  LARGEST MATRILINEAL KIN GROUP
 224.  LARGEST MATRILINEAL EXOGAMOUS GROUP (IF DIFFERENT)
                                                  Patrilineal   Matrilineal
                                                  221    222    223    224
                                               Largest   Exog.
       . = Missing Data                             1      -      1      -
       1 = None                                   104      -    144      -
       2 = Exogamous Group                          -      -      3      -
       3 = Lineages in a Single Community          18     12      7      2
       4 = Sibs (Lineages in Multiple Communities) 42      5     15      3
       5 = Phratries (Maximally Extended Sibs)     15      -      5      -
       6 = Moieties                                 6      -     11      -
       7 = No Difference                                 169           181

 225.  COGNATIC KIN GROUPS
 226.  SECONDARY COGNATIC KIN GROUP: WHERE BOTH KINDREDS AND RAMAGES
                                                           225   226
                                                          Cogn.  2nd
       . = Missing Data                                      1     -
       1 = Bilateral descent                                48     -
       2 = Kindreds: ego-oriented bilateral kin-groups      27     2
       3 = Ambilineal descent: lacking true ramages          -     -
       4 = Ramages: ancestor oriented ambilineal groups      7     1
       5 = Exogamous ramages                                 2     -
       6 = Quasi-lineages: filiation based, not descent      4     -
       9 = Unilineal descent groups                         97  n.a.
       9 = No Secondary cognatic group                     n..   183


 227.  NUMBER OF COUSIN MARRIAGES (Allowed)
 228.  NUMBER OF COUSIN MARRIAGES (Preferred)
       *   Note change in order from 227 229 228 230              239
                                                           227   228  228
                                                          Alwd. Pref. GRAY
       . = Missing Data                                     13     2  12*
       1 = All four cousins                                 25     -  12*
       2 = Three of four cousins                             8     -   1*
       3 = Two of four cousins (e.g., paternal)             44    19  38*
       4 = One of four cousins (e.g., FaBrDa)                6    36   8*
       5 = No first cousins                                 19     4   4*
       6 = First and some second cousins excluded            2     2   2*
       7 = No first, unknown for second                     27     -   -*
       8 = No first or second cousins                       42     -   -*
       9 = No preferential or prescriptive unions                123 113
       *228 HAS MAJOR DISCREPANCIES WITH PATRICK GRAY ETHNOATLAS RECODES (SEEM CORRECT)

 229.  SUBTYPES OF COUSIN MARRIAGES (Allowed)
 230.  SUBTYPES OF COUSIN MARRIAGES (Preferred)            228
                                                           229   230
                                                          Alwd.  Pref.
       . = Missing Data                                     13     2
       1 = FaSiDa                                            -     5
       2 = Paternal (FBD if only one)                        1     8
       3 = Uncle's Da                                        -     -
       4 = Other                                           165    25
       5 = Aunt's Da                                         -     -
       6 = Maternal                                          1     -
       8 = MoBrDa                                            6    23
       9 = No preferential or prescriptive unions                123

 231.  KIN TERMS FOR COUSINS

     14    . = Missing Data
     16    1 = Descriptive terms, e.g. 'mothers brothers son'
      1    2 = Sudanese: Siblings, cross and parallel cousins distinguished
                but not by descriptive terms
     45    3 = Iroquois: Cross cousins versus parallel are siblings
      4    4 = Mixed or deviant
     14    5 = Omaha: Generational merging; MoBrCh up; FaSCh down
     15    6 = Crow: Generational merging; MoBrCh down; FaSCh up
     23    7 = Eskimo: Cousins versus siblings
     54    8 = Hawaiian: Siblings plus cousins equated

    </a><a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds10.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>

 232.  INTENSITY OF CULTIVATION
     42    1 = No agriculture
     10    2 = Casual agriculture, incidental to other subsistence modes
     55    3 = Extensive or shifting agriculture, long fallow, and new
                fields cleared annually
     18    4 = Horticulture, vegetal gardens or groves of fruit trees
     32    5 = Intensive agriculture, using fertilization, crop rotation,
                or other techniques to shorten or eliminate fallow period
     29    6 = Intensive irrigated agriculture

 233.  MAJOR CROP TYPE
     44    1 = None or none specified
      -    2 = Non-food crops only, such as cotton or tobacco
      -    3 = Vegetables
     13    4 = Tree fruits
     38    5 = Roots or tubers
     91    6 = Cereal grains

 234.  SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
     26    1 = Nomadic or fully migratory
     24    2 = Seminomadic
     13    3 = Semisedentary
      3    4 = Compact but impermanent settlements
     20    5 = Neighborhoods of dispersed family homesteads
     17    6 = Separated hamlets, forming a single community
     75    7 = Compact and relatively permanent settlements
      8    8 = Complex settlements

 235.  MEAN SIZE OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES
     38    . = Missing data
     31    1 = Fewer than 50
     29    2 = 50-99
     24    3 = 100-199
     17    4 = 200-399
     12    5 = 400-1000
      4    6 = 1,000 without any town of more than 5000
     10    7 = One or more towns of 5,000-50,000
     21    8 = One or more cities of more than 50,000

 236.  JURISDICTIONAL HIERARCHY OF LOCAL COMMUNITY
     45    3 = Two levels (theoretical minimum, e.g., family and band)
    117    4 = Three levels
     24    5 = Four levels (e.g., nuclear family, extended family,
                clan barrios, village levels)
           *   Note: Recode this variable 2-4

 237.  JURISDICTIONAL HIERARCHY BEYOND LOCAL COMMUNITY
      2    . = Missing data
     82    1 = No levels (no political authority beyond community)
     48    2 = One level (e.g., petty chiefdoms)
     23    3 = Two levels (e.g., larger chiefdoms)
     19    4 = Three levels (e.g., states)
     12    5 = Four levels (e.g., large states)

 238.  HIGH GODS
     18    . = Missing data
     68    1 = Absent or not reported
     47    2 = Present but not active in human affairs
     13    3 = Present and active in human affairs but not
               supportive of human morality
     40    4 = Present, active, and specifically supportive of human morality

 239.  GAMES
       The code below can also be expressed in a semi-order or partial Guttman
       scale, as there are five latent classes or dominant scale types:
       for P C S, these are - - -   + - -   + + -   + - +   + + +

     14    . = Missing data
     12    1 = None of the three types
     64    2 = Physical skill
      1    3 = Chance
      4    4 = Strategy
     47    5 = Skill and chance
     22    6 = Skill and strategy
      -    7 = Chance and strategy
     22    8 = All

 240.  POST-PARTUM SEX TABOOS
     79    . = Missing data
      5    1 = None
     24    2 = No longer than 1 month
     33    3 = 1 to 6 months
      8    4 = 6 months to 1 year
     19    5 = More than one year to two years
     18    6 = More than two years

 241.  MALE GENITAL MUTILATIONS
      5    . = Missing data
    131    0 = Absent
      5    1 = Within first two months after birth
      1    2 = Two months to two years
      5    3 = Two to five years
     16    4 = Six to ten years
     17    5 = 11 to 15 years
      2    6 = 16 to 25 years
      -    7 = 25 to 50 years
      1    8 = After 50 years
      3    9 = Normal age unclear

 242.  SEGREGATION OF ADOLESCENT BOYS
     29    . = Missing data
    108    1 = Absence
     19    2 = Partial
      8    3 = Complete, with relatives outside nuclear family
      4    4 = Complete, with non-relatives
     18    5 = Complete, with peers

 243.  ANIMALS AND PLOW CULTIVATION
    153    1 = Absent (no plow animals)
      2    2 = Not aboriginal but well established at period
                of observation
     31    3 = Prior to contract

 244.  PREDOMINANT TYPE OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
     55    1 = Absence or near absence of large domestic animals
     30    2 = Pigs the only large domestic animals
     15    3 = Sheep and/or goats without larger domestic animals
     10    4 = Equine animals (horses, donkeys)
      3    5 = Deer (reindeer)
      5    6 = Camels, alpacas, or llamas
     68    7 = Bovine animals (cattle, mithun, water buffalo, yaks)

 245.  MILKING OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS
    129    1 = Little or no milking, or insufficient information
     57    2 = Milked more often than sporadically

 246.  SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY
     15    1 = Gathering
     19    2 = Fishing
     12    3 = Hunting
     16    4 = Pastoral
     22    5 = Incipient agriculture
     45    6 = Extensive agriculture
     57    7 = Intensive agriculture

     Note: this is a poor code, not in the original, and should be replaced

 247.  DESCENT: MAJOR TYPE (From Variables 121-126)
     72    1 = Patrilineal
      9    2 = Duolateral
     27    3 = Matrilineal
      5    4 = Quasi-lineages
      8    5 = Ambilineal
     65    6 = Bilateral

 248.  SEX DIFFERENCES IN METAL WORKING
 249.  SEX DIFFERENCES IN WEAVING
 250.  SEX DIFFERENCES IN LEATHER WORKING
 251.  SEX DIFFERENCES IN POTTERY MAKING
 252.  SEX DIFFERENCES IN BOAT BUILDING
 253.  SEX DIFFERENCES IN HOUSE CONSTRUCTION
       *   Note changes in order from 248 250 252 254 256 258
       *                                             248 249 250 251 252 253
       *                                             MET WEA LEA POT BOA HOU
       . = Missing data                                2  13  48  15  26  35 .
       1 = Males alone or almost alone                79  20  32  10  75  91 M
       2 = Males appreciably more                      1   3   1   2   5  17 N
       3 = Differentiation but equal participation     -   5   -   4   -  19 D
       4 = Equal partic. w/out marked differentiation  -   -   1   2   -   4 E
       5 = Females appreciably more                    -   1   3   2   -   5 G
       6 = Females alone or almost alone               -  48  32  72   1  14 F
       7 = Gender irrelevant, esp. industrialized      1   -   -   1   -   - I
       8 = Activity present: sex partic. unspecified   1   9  22  20  19   1 P
       9 = Activity absent or unimportant            102  87  47  58  60   - O

 254.  AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN METAL WORKING
 255.  AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN WEAVING
 256.  AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN LEATHER WORKING
 257.  AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN POTTERY MAKING
 258.  AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN BOAT BUILDING
 259.  AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN HOUSE CONSTRUCTION
       *   Note changes in order from 249 251 253 255 257 259
       *                                             249 250 251 252 253 254
       *                                             MET WEA LEA POT BOA HOU
       . = Missing data                                2  13  48  15  26  35
       0 = Performed by any or most adults             4  69  73  89  88 137
       1 = Junior age specialization (before puberty)  -   -   -   -   -   -
       2 = Senior age specialization (beyond prime)    -   -   -   -   -   -
       3 = Craft specialization                       76  16  18  23  12  14
       4 = Industrialized specialization               2   1   -   1   -   -
       9 = Activity absent                           102  87  47  58  60   -
       *   Note: check which is missing data

 260.  SEX DIFFERENCES IN GATHERING
 261.  SEX DIFFERENCES IN HUNTING
 262.  SEX DIFFERENCES IN FISHING
 263.  SEX DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
 264.  SEX DIFFERENCES IN AGRICULTURE
       *   Note changes in order from 260 262 264 266 268
       *                                             260 261 262 263 264
       *                                             GAT HUN FIS ANI AGR
       . = Missing data                               23   6  12  21   7
       0                                                               1
       1 = Males alone or almost alone                 4 153  66  37  17
       2 = Males appreciably more                      5   2  43  23  38
       3 = Differentiation but equal participation     3   -  10  18  14
       4 = Equal partic. w/out marked differentiation 11   -   8  14  25
       5 = Females appreciably more                   24   -   5   4  36
       6 = Females alone or almost alone              64   -   3  12   6
       7 = Gender irrelevant, esp. industrialized
       8 = Activity present: sex partic. unspecified   4   -   1   2   -
       9 = Activity absent or unimportant             48  25  38  55  42

 265.  AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN GATHERING
 266.  AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN HUNTING
 267.  AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN FISHING
 268.  AGE OR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
    .                                        AGRICULTURE (NOT CODED)
       *   Note changes in order from 261 263 265 267
       *                                             265 266 267 268
       *                                             GAT HUN FIS ANI

       . = Missing data                               23   6  12  21
       0 = Performed by any or most adults           114 147 126 104
       1 = Junior age specialization (before puberty)  1   1   -   4
       2 = Senior age specialization (beyond prime)
       3 = Craft specialization                        -   7  10   3
       4 = Industrialized specialization               -   -   -   -
       9 = Activity absent or unimportant             48  25  38  55

    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds11.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>

 269.  Murdock's Language Code: Revised in a later issue; no codes here.

    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds12.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>


 270.  CLASS STRATIFICATION
 271.  CLASS STRATIFICATION, SECONDARY FEATURE
       *                                                   270   271
                                                          Class  Secd.
       . = Missing data                                      -     -
       1 = Absence among freemen                            76     -
       2 = Wealth distinctions                              45     3
       3 = Elite (based on control of land
            or other resources)                              3     4
       4 = Dual (hereditary aristocracy)                    37     4
       5 = Complex (social classes)                         25     2
       9 = No second type or absence of stratification           173

 272.  CASTE STRATIFICATION (ENDOGAMY)
 273.  CASTE STRATIFICATION, SECONDARY TYPE
       *                                                   272  273
                                                          Caste Secd.
       . = Missing data                                      5    -
       1 = Absent or insignificant                         154    -
       2 = Despised occupational group(s)                   17    1
       3 = Ethnic stratification                             3    1
       4 = Complex                                           7    -
       9 = No second type or absence of stratification          184

 274.  TYPE OF SLAVERY

      6    . = Missing data
    100    1 = Absence or near absence
     27    2 = Incipient or nonhereditary
      9    3 = Reported but type not identified
     44    4 = Hereditary and socially significant

 275.  FORMER PRESENCE OF SLAVERY

    136    1 = Absent or no difference from preceding column
     50    2 = Formerly present

 276.  SUCCESSION TO THE OFFICE OF LOCAL HEADMAN

     23    . = Missing data
     58    1 = Patrilineal heir
     17    2 = Matrilineal heir
      5    3 = Nonhereditary (appointed by higher authority)
      7    4 = Nonhereditary on basis of seniority or age
      9    5 = Nonhereditary through influence (wealth or
                social status)
     24    6 = Nonhereditary through election or other
                formal consensus
     23    7 = Nonhereditary through informal consensus
     20    9 = Absence of any such office

 277.  SUCCESSION TO OFFICE OF LOCAL HEADMAN, BREAKDOWN OF HEREDITARY SUCCESSION

     23    . = Missing data
     44    1 = Hereditary by a son (patrilineal)
     14    2 = Hereditary by other patrilineal heir (e.g., YoBr)
      8    3 = Hereditary by a sister's son (matrilineal)
      9    4 = Hereditary by other matrilineal heir (e.g., YoBr)
     88    9 = Nonhereditary or absence of any such office


    RULE OR PRACTICE FOR INHERITANCE

 278.  INHERITANCE OF REAL PROPERTY (LAND)
 279.  INHERITANCE OF MOVABLE PROPERTY
       *   Note change in order from 278 280               278   279
                                                           Land  Movables
       . = Missing data                                     31    34
       1 = Absence of individual property rights or rules   59    22
       2 = Matrilineal (sister's sons)                       4     5
       3 = Other matrilineal heirs (e.g., younger brothers)  9     9
       4 = Children, with daughters receiving less          12    14
       5 = Children, equally for both sexes                  9    22
       6 = Other patrilineal heirs (e.g., younger brothers)  8     9
       7 = Patrilineal (sons)                               54    71

    DISTRIBUTION OF INHERITANCE AMONG INDIVIDUALS OF SAME CATEGORY

 280.  INHERITANCE OF REAL PROPERTY
 281.  INHERITANCE OF MOVABLE PROPERTY
       *   Note change in order from 279 281               280   281
                                                           Land  Movables
       . = Missing data or absense of rights (#1 above)     91    55
       1 = Equal or relatively equal                        54    86
       2 = Exclusively or predominantly to
            the one adjudged best qualified                  6     6
       3 = Ultimogeniture (to the junior individual)         4     5
       4 = Primogeniture (to the senior individual)         28    27
       9 = Missing data   Note: Change 9 to "."              3     7

 282.  NORMS OF PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR OF GIRLS
     40    . = Missing data
     13    1 = Early marriage of females (at or before puberty)
     38    2 = Insistence on virginity
     37    3 = Prohibited but weakly censured and not infrequent
     16    4 = Allowed, censured only if pregnancy results
      5    5 = Trial marriage, promiscuous relations prohibited
     37    6 = Freely permitted, even if pregnancy results

 283.  PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: GROUND PLAN
      4    . = Missing data
      1    1 = Semicircular
     59    2 = Circular
      6    3 = Elliptical or elongated with rounded ends
      -    4 = Polygonal
    107    5 = Rectangular or square
      9    6 = Quadrangular around (if only partially) inner court

 284.  PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: FLOOR LEVEL
      5    . = Missing data
     13    1 = Subterranean or semi-subterranean (ignoring cellars)
    138    2 = Floor formed by ground
     12    3 = Elevated slightly or on raised platform
     18    4 = Raised substantially on piles, posts, or piers

 285.  PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: WALL MATERIAL
     65    . = Missing data
     12    1 = Stone, stucco, concrete, or fired brick
     19    2 = Plaster, mud and dung, or wattle and daub
     33    3 = Wood, including logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles
      1    4 = Bark
      1    5 = Hides or skin
      6    6 = Felt, cloth, or other fabrics
     17    7 = Mats, latticework, or wattle
     14    8 = Grass, leaves, or other thatch
     17    9 = Adobe, clay, or dried brick
      -   10)= Open walls, including temporary screens
           *)= Walls indistinguishable from roof
           *   Note: disaggregate 9 and 10

 286.  PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: SHAPE OF ROOF
     10    . = Missing data
     10    1 = Rounded or semi-cylindrical
     20    2 = Dome or hemisphere
      7    3 = Beehive with pointed peak
     34    4 = Conical
      2    5 = Semi-hemisphere
      6    6 = Shad (one slope)
     14    7 = Flat or horizontal
     68    8 = Gabled (two slopes)
     15    9 = Hipped or pyramidal (four slopes)

 287.  PREVAILING TYPE OF DWELLING: ROOFING MATERIALS
     10    . = Missing data
      2    1 = Stone or slate, or tile or fired brick
      3    2 = Plaster, clay, mud and dung, or wattle and daub
     10    3 = Wood, including logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles
      6    4 = Bark
      5    5 = Hides or skin
      5    6 = Felt, cloth, or other fabric
      9    7 = Mats
    118    8 = Grass, leaves, brush, or other thatch
     18    9 = Earth or turf
          10)= Ice or snow (combined with 9)
           *   Note: disaggregate 9 and 10

 288.  SECONDARY OR ALTERNATIVE HOUSE TYPE: GROUND PLAN
      2    1 = Semicircular
     18    2 = Circular
      3    3 = Elliptical or elongated with rounded ends
      -    4 = Polygonal
     38    5 = Rectangular or square
      7    6 = Quadrangular around (or partially around) an inner court
    118    9 = No secondary type

 289.  SECONDARY OR ALTERNATIVE HOUSE TYPE: FLOOR LEVEL
      1    . = Missing data
      1    1 = Subterranean or semi-subterranean (ignoring cellars)
     50    2 = Floor formed by ground
      8    3 = Elevated slightly or on raised platform
      8    4 = Raised substantially on piles, posts, or piers
    118    9 = No secondary type

 290.  SECONDARY OR ALTERNATIVE HOUSE TYPE: WALL MATERIAL
    145    . = Missing data or no secondary type
      7    1 = Stone, stucco, concrete, or fired brick
      5    2 = Plaster, mud and dung, or wattle and daub
     10    3 = Wood, including logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles
      3    4 = Bark
      -    5 = Hides or skin
      2    6 = Felt, cloth, or other fabrics
      3    7 = Mats, latticework or wattle
      3    8 = Grass, leaves, or other thatch
      8    9 = Adobe, clay, or dried brick
      -   10)= Open walls, including temporary screens
            )= Walls indistinguishable from roof
           *   Note: separate . and 0
           *   Note: disaggregate 9 and 10

 291.  SECONDARY OR ALTERNATIVE HOUSE TYPE: SHAPE OF ROOF
    119    . = Missing data or no secondary type
      -    1 = Rounded or semi-cylindrical
      1    2 = Dome or hemisphere
      -    3 = Beehive with pointed peak
     16    4 = Conical
      2    5 = Semi-hemisphere
      2    6 = Shad (one slope)
      7    7 = Flat or horizontal
     31    8 = Gabled (two slopes)
      8    9 = Hipped or pyramidal (four slopes)
           *   Note: separate . and 0

 292.  SECONDARY OR ALTERNATIVE HOUSE TYPE: ROOFING MATERIALS
    120    . = Missing data or no secondary type
      3    1 = Stone or slate, or tile or fired brick
      1    2 = Plaster, clay, mud and dung, or wattle and daub
      3    3 = Wood, incl. logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles
      1    4 = Bark
      5    5 = Hides or skin
      2    6 = Felt, cloth or other fabric
      4    7 = Mats
     42    8 = Grass, leaves, brush, or other thatch
      5    9 = Earth or turf
          10)= Ice or snow (combined with 9)
           *   Note: separate . and 0
           *   Note: disaggregate 9 and 10



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds13.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
TRAITS INCULCATED IN CHILDHOOD

Barry, Herbert,III, Lili Josephson, Edith Lauer, and Catherine Marshall. 1976.
       ETHNOLOGY 15:83-114. Cross-Cultural Codes in Barry and Schlegel 1980 5.

     STDS13.DAT Variables: 293-336

 293.  Duration of Early Childhood

     87    1 = short (ending at about 7 years of age)
     36    2 = medium (ending at about 9 years of age)
     56    3 = long (ending at about 11 years of age or later)
      7    . = Missing data

 294.  Fortitude: Early Boy
 295.  Fortitude: Early Girl
 296.  Fortitude: Late Boy
 297.  Fortitude: Late Girl
                                                Early        Late
                                              Boy  Girl    Boy  Girl
       . = Missing data                        46    55     31    41
       0 = no inculcation, or opposite trait    -     -      -     -
       1 =                                      -     1      -     -
       2 =                                     17    19      3     5
       3 =                                     16    17      5    11
       4 =                                     11    13     11     9
       5 = moderately strong inculcation       61    60     40    50
       6 =                                     24    15     49    44
       7 =                                      3     1     14    12
       8 =                                      6     3     24    12
       9 =                                      2     2      8    12
           extremely strong inculcation         -     -      1     -

 298.  Aggression: Early Boy
 299.  Aggression: Early Girl
 300.  Aggression: Late Boy
 301.  Aggression: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                        53    68     38    58
       0 = no inculcation, or opposite trait    -     -      -     -
       1 =                                      6     7      4     5
       2 =                                     25    30      9    16
       3 =                                     14    15     11    16
       4 =                                      7    10      9    10
       5 = moderately strong inculcation       40    30     40    38
       6 =                                     28    17     43    26
       7 =                                      1     2      5     5
       8 =                                      8     5     19    10
       9 =                                      3     1      6     1
           extremely strong inculcation         1     1      2     1



 302.  Competitiveness: Early Boy
 303.  Competitiveness: Early Girl
 304.  Competitiveness: Late Boy
 305.  Competitiveness: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                        75    80     51    60
       0 = no inculcation, or opposite trait    6     6      5     5
       1 =                                      -     -      -     -
       2 =                                     21    21     15    17
       3 =                                     15    15     18    16
       4 =                                      9     9      9    10
       5 = moderately strong inculcation       38    35     42    44
       6 =                                     18    18     30    25
       7 =                                      2     1      2     1
       8 =                                      -     -     11     7
       9 =                                      2     1      3     1


 306.  Self-reliance: Early Boy
 307.  Self-reliance: Early Girl
 308.  Self-reliance: Late Boy
 309.  Self-reliance: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                         31   33     26    33
       0 = no inculcation, or opposite trait     1    2      1     1
       1 =                                       7    8      4     5
       2 =                                      39   48      6    10
       3 =                                      27   29      5    15
       4 =                                       9   11      5    10
       5 = moderately strong inculcation        42   35     34    48
       6 =                                      16   12     39    34
       7 =                                       2    4      6     6
       8 =                                      10    4     48    19
       9 =                                       2    -     11     4
           extremely strong inculcation          -    -      1     1

 310.  Achievement: Early Boy
 311.  Achievement: Early Girl
 312.  Achievement: Late Boy
 313.  Achievement: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                         40   50     24    33
       0 = no inculcation or opposite trait      1    1      -     -
       1 =                                       3    2      1     2
       2 =                                      49   49     14     7
       3 =                                      23   24     16    16
       4 =                                       4    4      8     8
       5 = moderately strong inculcation        44   36     46    51
       6 =                                      17   17     47    45
       7 =                                       1    1      3     4
       8 =                                       3    2     22    18
       9 =                                       1    -      5     2


 314.  Industry: Early Boy
 315.  Industry: Early Girl
 316.  Industry: Late Boy
 317.  Industry: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                         20   21     11    11
       0 = no inculcation or opposite trait      4    3      -     -
       1 =                                      10    3      1     -
       2 =                                      83   62     10     4
       3 =                                      28   35     17    11
       4 =                                      14   13     16     6
       5 = moderately strong inculcation        20   35     69    41
       6 =                                       6   14     37    63
       7 =                                       -    -      3     8
       8 =                                       1    -     19    38
       9 =                                       -    -      3     4
           extremely strong inculcation

 318.  Responsibility: Early Boy
 319.  Responsibility: Early Girl
 320.  Responsibility: Late Boy
 321.  Responsibility: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                          35   36    25   28
       0 = no inculcation or opposite trait      11    4     3    -
       1 =                                        8    5     -    -
       2 =                                       73   63    15    3
       3 =                                       23   32    20   11
       4 =                                        6    5    15   12
       5 = moderately strong inculcation         21   33    49   50
       6 =                                        8    7    37   51
       7 =                                        -    -     2    3
       8 =                                        1    1    19   28
       9 =                                        -    -     1    -


 322.  Obedience: Early Boy
 323.  Obedience: Early Girl
 324.  Obedience: Late Boy
 325.  Obedience: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                          26   25    24   24
       0 = no inculcation or opposite trait       2    -     1    -
       1 =                                        3    3     1    -
       2 =                                       27   23    15   10
       3 =                                       11   13    10   10
       4 =                                       14   11    12   11
       5 = moderately strong inculcation         45   44    45   45
       6 =                                       27   31    33   36
       7 =                                        2    2     2    3
       8 =                                       22   25    32   32
       9 =                                        4    5     8   11
           extremely strong inculcation           3    4     3    4


 326.  Self-restraint: Early Boy
 327.  Self-restraint: Early Girl
 328.  Self-restraint: Late Boy
 329.  Self-restraint: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                          52   53    51   54
       0 = no inculcation or opposite trait       -    -     -    -
       1 =                                        6    7     1    1
       2 =                                       38   32    19   16
       3 =                                       35   31    19   16
       4 =                                        5    7    12   11
       5 = moderately strong inculcation         29   34    35   45
       6 =                                       13   14    26   26
       7 =                                        -    -     2    1
       8 =                                        8    7    20   13
       9 =                                        -    1     1    3

 330.  Sexual restraint: Early Boy
 331.  Sexual restraint: Early Girl
 332.  Sexual restraint: Late Boy
 333.  Sexual restraint: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                          30   32    22   21
       0 = no inculcation or opposite trait       1    1     -    -
       1 =                                       14   11     7    4
       2 =                                       67   57    41   32
       3 =                                       22   19    27   18
       4 =                                       14   14    25   25
       5 = moderately strong inculcation         30   32    41   24
       6 =                                        7   14    15   27
       7 =                                        -    1     2    6
       8 =                                        1    5     6   18
       9 =                                        -    -     -    5
           extremely strong inculcation           -    -     -    6

 334.  Generosity

           . = Missing data                                          82
           0 = no inculcation or opposite trait                       -
           1 =                                                        1
           2 =                                                        4
           3 =                                                        6
           4 =                                                        4
           5 = moderately strong inculcation                         24
           6 =                                                       31
           7 =                                                        2
           8 =                                                       27
           9 =                                                        4
               extremely strong inculcation                           1


 335.  Trust

           . = Missing data                                          48
           0 = no inculcation or opposite trait                       1
           1 =                                                        6
           2 =                                                       19
           3 =                                                        5
           4 =                                                       15
           5 = moderately strong inculcation                         34
           6 =                                                       18
           7 =                                                       11
           8 =                                                       25
           9 =                                                        3
               extremely strong inculcation                           1

 336.  Honesty

           . = Missing data                                          76
           0 = no inculcation or opposite trait                       1
           1 =                                                        5
           2 =                                                       18
           3 =                                                       15
           4 =                                                       12
           5 = moderately strong inculcation                         28
           6 =                                                       16
           7 =                                                        5
           8 =                                                        8
           9 =                                                        1
               extremely strong inculcation                           1



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds14.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
AGENTS AND TECHNIQUES OF CHILD TRAINING

Barry, Herbert,III, Lili Josephson, Edith Lauer, and Catherine Marshall 1977.
ETHNOLOGY 16:191-230. Cross-Cultural Codes in Barry and Schlegel 1980 6.

     STDS14.DAT Variables: 337-376		STDS15.DAT Variables: 377-404
     STDS16.DAT Variables: 405-432		STDS17.DAT Variables: 433-460
     STDS18.DAT Variables: 461-480

 337.  Importance of Non-Family Companions: Early Boy
 338.  Importance of Non-Family Companions: Early Girl
 339.  Importance of Non-Family Companions: Late Boy
 340.  Importance of Non-Family Companions: Late Girl
                                                    Early        Late
                                                  Boy  Girl    Boy  Girl
       . = Missing data                             6     6      6     8
       1 = Parents predominantly                    2     2      1     1
       2 = Siblings; not other children            11    12      3     8
       3 = Primarily siblings, secondarily
           other children                         104   105     80    91
       4 = Primarily other children, secondarily
           siblings                                45    44     47    37
       5 = Other children; not siblings            18    17     49    41

 341.  Sex of Companions: Early Boy
 342.  Sex of Companions: Early Girl
 343.  Sex of Companions: Late Boy
 344.  Sex of Companions: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                             6     6      6     8
       1 = Male exclusively                         6     -     58     -
       2 = Male predominantly                      62     -     90     1
       3 = Both sexes equally                     111   112     31    32
       4 = Female predominantly                     1    62      1    84
       5 = Female exclusively                       -     6      -    61

 345.  Importance of Non-Parent in Residence: Early Boy
 346.  Importance of Non-Parent in Residence: Early Girl
 347.  Importance of Non-Parent in Residence: Late Boy
 348.  Importance of Non-Parent in Residence: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                              4     4      4     5
       1 = Exclusively parental                     56    62     44    48
       2 = Single atypical or occasional
           category of non-parent                   63    67     52    67
       3 = Two or more atypical or occasional
           categories of non-parent                  7    10      4    11
       4 = Single category that typical and frequent
           but less important than parents          39    28     34    24
       5 = Two or more categories, at least oneof
           which typical and frequent,
           but less important than parents          14    12     19    14
       6 = More typical and frequent than parents    3     3      5     3
       7 = Exclusively non-parental                  -     -     24    14


 349.  Principal Category of Non-Parental Agent: Early Boy
 350.  Principal Category of Non-Parental Agent: Early Girl
 351.  Principal Category of Non-Parental Agent: Late Boy
 352.  Principal Category of Non-Parental Agent: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                             60    66     53    54
       1 = Foster parent                            99    90     77    74
       2 = Sibling                                   -     -      -     -
       3 = Grandparent                               7     9      4    11
       4 = Uncle (mother's brother only)             4     2      5     2
       5 = Relative (including father's brother)    10     7     15    13
       6 = Child                                     2     3     20     9
       7 = Nonrelative                               3     9     12    23
       8 = Teacher                                   1     -      -     -


 353.  Sex of Parents in Residence: Early Boy
 354.  Sex of Parents in Residence: Early Girl
 355.  Sex of Parents in Residence: Late Boy
 356.  Sex of Parents in Residence: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                              4     4     28    18
       1 = Male exclusively                          -     -      9     -
       2 = Male predominantly                        2     1      1     1
       3 = Both sexes equally                      135   135    124   127
       4 = Female predominantly                     22    21     13    16
       5 = Female exclusively                       23    25     11    24

 357.  Sex of Non-parents in Residence: Early Boy
 358.  Sex of Non-parents in Residence: Early Girl
 359.  Sex of Non-parents in Residence: Late Boy
 360.  Sex of Non-parents in Residence: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                             61    65     52    53
       1 = Male exclusively                          8     4     33     9
       2 = Male predominantly                        1     -      1     1
       3 = Both sexes equally                      114   107     98   105
       4 = Female predominantly                      -     1      -     -
       5 = Female exclusively                        2     9      2    18

 361.  Non-parental Involvement in Child Caring: Early Boy
 362.  Non-parental Involvement in Child Caring: Early Girl
 363.  Non-parental Involvement in Child Caring: Late Boy
 364.  Non-parental Involvement in Child Caring: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                              7     6     26    23
       1 = Exclusively parental                     33    35     34    39
       2 = Single atypical or occasional
           category of non-parent                   19    19     13    14
       3 = Two or more atypical or occasional
           categories of non-parent                 21    21     17    19
       4 = Single category that typical and frequent
           but less important than parents          26    24     24    22
       5 = Two or more categories, at least one
           of which typical and frequent,
           but less important than parents          57    59     35    41
       6 = More typical and frequent than parents   17    17      9    10
       7 = Exclusively non-parental                  6     5     28    18

 365.  Principal Category of Non-Parental Caretaker: Early Boy
 366.  Principal Category of Non-Parental Caretaker: Early Girl
 367.  Principal Category of Non-Parental Caretaker: Late Boy
 368.  Principal Category of Non-Parental Caretaker: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                             40    41     82    74
       1 = Foster parent                             -     -      -     -
       2 = Sibling                                  58    59     40    42
       3 = Grandparent                              38    39     26    32
       4 = Uncle (mother's brother only)             4     1      2     2
       5 = Relative (including father's brother)    18    17     13    14
       6 = Child                                     4     4      4     2
       7 = Nonrelative                              22    24     18    19
       8 = Teacher                                   1     -      1     1
       9 = No agent                                  1     1      -     -

 369.  Sex of Parental Caretakers: Early Boy
 370.  Sex of Parental Caretakers: Early Girl
 371.  Sex of Parental Caretakers: Late Boy
 372.  Sex of Parental Caretakers: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                             18    11     54    41
       1 = Male exclusively                          1     2     11     2
       2 = Male predominantly                        4     2      3     1
       3 = Both sexes equally                       26    25     17    17
       4 = Female predominantly                     35    29     22    22
       5 = Female exclusively                      102   117     79   103

 373.  Sex of Principal Non-Parental Caretakers: Early Boy
 374.  Sex of Principal Non-Parental Caretakers: Early Girl
 375.  Sex of Principal Non-Parental Caretakers: Late Boy
 376.  Sex of Principal Non-Parental Caretakers: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                             41    42     83    77
       1 = Male exclusively                          5     2     11     2
       2 = Male predominantly                        4     2      1     -
       3 = Both sexes equally                       59    54     43    42
       4 = Female predominantly                     12    11      7     6
       5 = Female exclusively                       65    75     41    59

    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds15.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>

      STDS15.DAT Variables: 377-404

 377.  Non-Parental Involvement in Authority: Early Boy
 378.  Non-Parental Involvement in Authority: Early Girl
 379.  Non-Parental Involvement in Authority: Late Boy
 380.  Non-Parental Involvement in Authority: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                             11    10     14    10
       1 = Exclusively parental                     61    67     49    62
       2 = Single atypical or occasional category
           of non-parent                            13    15     12    13
       3 = Two or more atypical or occasional
           categories of non-parent                  8    10      5     9
       4 = Single category typical and frequent
           but less important than parents          45    42     38    41
       5 = Two or more categories, at least one of which
           typical and frequent, but less important 34    30     33    28
           than parents
       6 = More typical and frequent than parents   11     9     10     7
       7 = Exclusively non-parental                  3     3     25    16

 381.  Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Early Boy
 382.  Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Early Girl
 383.  Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Late Boy
 384.  Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                             73    78     65    74
       1 = Foster parent                             -     -      -     -
       2 = Sibling                                  33    34     32    32
       3 = Grandparent                              26    28     22    26
       4 = Uncle (mother's brother only)            17    12     15     8
       5 = Relative (including father's brother)    24    23     19    22
       6 = Child                                     3     1      9     4
       7 = Nonrelative                               9     9     17    15
       8 = Teacher                                   1     1      7     5

 385.  Sex of Parental Authority Figures: Early Boy
 386.  Sex of Parental Authority Figures: Early Girl
 387.  Sex of Parental Authority Figures: Late Boy
 388.  Sex of Parental Authority Figures: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                             14    13     39    26
       1 = Male exclusively                         36    17     43    17
       2 = Male predominantly                       66    58     53    50
       3 = Both sexes equally                       55    59     43    52
       4 = Female predominantly                      8    20      3    20
       5 = Female exclusively                        7    19      5    21

 389.  Sex of Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Early Boy
 390.  Sex of Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Early Girl
 391.  Sex of Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Late Boy
 392.  Sex of Principal Non-Parental Authority Figures: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                             73    78     65   112
       1 = Male exclusively                         66    48     80    36
       2 = Male predominantly                        4     5      6     5
       3 = Both sexes equally                       37    35     29    14
       4 = Female predominantly                      2     2      2     4
       5 = Female exclusively                        4    18      4    15

 393.  Non-Parental Involvement in Discipline: Early Boy
 394.  Non-Parental Involvement in Discipline: Early Girl
 395.  Non-Parental Involvement in Discipline: Late Boy
 396.  Non-Parental Involvement in Discipline: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                             57   112    109   113
       1 = Exclusively parental                     70    32     25    28
       2 = Single atypical or occasional category
           of non-parent                             2     3      2     6
       3 = Two or more atypical or occasional
           categories of non-parent                  3     2      3     2
       4 = Single category typical and frequent
           but less important than parents          12    11     18    14
       5 = Two or more categories, at least one of
           which typical and frequent, but less
           important than parents                   14    13     12     8
       6 = More typical and frequent than parents   20     3      4     3
       7 = Exclusively non-parental                  8    10     13    12

 397.  Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Early Boy
 398.  Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Early Girl
 399.  Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Late Boy
 400.  Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                            147   147    137   144
       1 = Foster parent                             -     -      -     -
       2 = Sibling                                  12    13     10    13
       3 = Grandparent                               6     7      6     5
       4 = Uncle (mother's brother only)             4     3      3     3
       5 = Relative (including father's brother)     5     5      5     5
       6 = Child                                     2     2      7     1
       7 = Nonrelative                               8     7      9    10
       8 = Teacher                                   2     2      9     5

 401.  Sex of Parental Disciplinarians: Early Boy
 402.  Sex of Parental Disciplinarians: Early Girl
 403.  Sex of Parental Disciplinarians: Late Boy
 404.  Sex of Parental Disciplinarians: Late Girl
       . = Missing data                            118   122    122   125
       1 = Male exclusively                         18     8     24     7
       2 = Male predominantly                        9     7      8     6
       3 = Both sexes equally                       21    21     18    18
       4 = Female predominantly                      6     7      2     7
       5 = Female exclusively                       14    21     12    23

    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds16.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>

     STDS16.DAT Variables: 405-432

 405.  Sex of Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Early Boys
 406.  Sex of Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Early Girls
 407.  Sex of Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Late Boys
 408.  Sex of Principal Non-Parental Disciplinarians: Late Girls
       . = Missing data                            147   147    137   144
       1 = Male exclusively                         13     7     24     9
       2 = Male predominantly                        1     -      1     -
       3 = Both sexes equally                       20    21     20    21
       4 = Female predominantly                      1     1      -     -
       5 = Female exclusively                        5    10      4    12

 409.  Non-Parental Involvement in Education: Early Boys
 410.  Non-Parental Involvement in Education: Early Girls
 411.  Non-Parental Involvement in Education: Late Boys
 412.  Non-Parental Involvement in Education: Late Girls
       . = Missing data                             10    10      9     9
       1 = Exclusively parental                     36    51     23    53
       2 = Single atypical or occasional category
           of non-parent                            18    16     16    16
       3 = Two or more atypical or occasional
           categories of non-parent                  7    10      7     7
       4 = Single category typical and frequent
           but less important than parents          26    30     31    26
       5 = Two or more categories, at least one of
           which typical and frequent, but less
           important than parents                   46    42     50    44
       6 = More typical and frequent than parents   30    21     29    15
       7 = Exclusively non-parental                 13     6     21    16

 413.  Principal Category of Non-Parental Educators: Early Boys
 414.  Principal Category of Non-Parental Educators: Early Girls
 415.  Principal Category of Non-Parental Educators: Late Boys
 416.  Principal Category of Non-Parental Educators: Late Girls
       . = Missing data                             47    61     33    62
       1 = Foster parent                             -     -      -     -
       2 = Sibling                                  28    28     21    21
       3 = Grandparent                              18    23     13    15
       4 = Uncle (mother's brother only)             7     2     11     1
       5 = Relative (including father's brother)    19    20     13    19
       6 = Child                                    37    28     26    13
       7 = Nonrelative                              21    20     34    33
       8 = Teacher                                   9     4     35    22

 417.  Sex of Parental Educators: Early Boys
 418.  Sex of Parental Educators: Early Girls
 419.  Sex of Parental Educators: Late Boys
 420.  Sex of Parental Educators: Late Girls
       . = Missing data                             23    16     31    26
       1 = Male exclusively                         58     4    117     3
       2 = Male predominantly                       27     2     18     1
       3 = Both sexes equally                       51    40     14    11
       4 = Female predominantly                     17    20      3    12
       5 = Female exclusively                       10   104      3   133

 421.  Sex of Principal Non-Parental Educators: Early Boys
 422.  Sex of Principal Non-Parental Educators: Early Girls
 423.  Sex of Principal Non-Parental Educators: Late Boys
 424.  Sex of Principal Non-Parental Educators: Late Girls
       . = Missing data                             46    61     32    60
       1 = Male exclusively                         67     5    106     6
       2 = Male predominantly                        6     1      3     -
       3 = Both sexes equally                       61    53     42    32
       4 = Female predominantly                      -     5      -     3
       5 = Female exclusively                        6    61      3    85

 425.  Guidance or Formal Schooling: Early Boys
 426.  Guidance or Formal Schooling: Early Girls
 427.  Guidance or Formal Schooling: Late Boys
 428.  Guidance or Formal Schooling: Late Girls
       . = Missing data                              9     9      8    13
       1 = Informal training, with minimal guidance 47    45     14    15
       2 = Apprenticeship atypical or occasional    20    11      6     1
       3 = Apprenticeship typical and frequent but
           informal training more prevalent         79    87     42    55
       4 = Apprenticeship predominant                8    11     44    46
       5 = Formal schooling atypical or occasional  14    10     34    31
       6 = Formal schooling typical and frequent     9    13     38    25


 429.  Use of Example: Early Boys
 430.  Use of Example: Early Girls
 431.  Use of Example: Late Boys
 432.  Use of Example: Late Girls
       . = Missing data                             34    33     33    31
       2 = Childrens activities differ from adults
           are not expected to behave like them      -     -      -     -
       3 =                                           -     -      -     -
       4 =                                           -     -      -     -
       5 = Children are expected to do things more
           or less by example                       25    24     20    20
       6 =                                          22    23     23    23
       7 =                                           2     2      2     2
       8 = Children frequently shown example; consi-
         dered very important in socializing child  79    79     83    84
       9 =                                          21    22     22    23
           Example given as most important method
           of education, or adults are constantly
           showing children how to do things.        3     3      3     3

    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds17.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>

     STDS17.DAT Variables: 433-460

 433.  Control by Public Opinion: Early Boys
 434.  Control by Public Opinion: Early Girls
 435.  Control by Public Opinion: Late Boys
 436.  Control by Public Opinion: Late Girls
    Public Opinion:   degree to which approval by people in general controls
    the behavior of children
       . = Missing data                             95    94     91    92
       2 =                                           3     3      2     2
       3 =                                           2     2      2     2
       4 =                                           2     2      2     2
       5 =                                          20    20     21    20
       6 =                                          28    28     29    30
       7 =                                           2     2      2     2
       8 =                                          30    30     33    31
       9 =                                           4     5      4     5

 437.  Lecturing: Early Boys
 438.  Lecturing: Early Girls
 439.  Lecturing: Late Boys
 440.  Lecturing: Late Girls
       . = Missing data                             49    52     45    47
       0 =                                           1     -      -     -
       1 =                                           -     -      -     -
       2 =                                          10    10      6     6
       3 =                                          10    11      9    10
       4 =                                           7     8      6     8
       5 = Often, but not constant lectures / myths 48    46     44    42
       6 =                                          25    24     31    28
       7 =                                           4     4      5     5
       8 = Almost daily                             22    22     29    29
       9 =                                           6     5      8     7
           Constant and one of the most important
           methods used in socializing child         4     4      3     4

 441.  Teasing: Early Boys
 442.  Teasing: Early Girls
 443.  Teasing: Late Boys
 444.  Teasing: Late Girls
    Teasing:  refers to shaming and exposure to ridicule for misconduct.
       . = Missing data                             85    85     73    74
       2 =                                           9     8      5     5
       3 =                                           8    10      8     9
       4 =                                           4     4      4     4
       5 =                                          34    33     39    38
       6 =                                          24    23     31    30
       7 =                                           2     2      2     2
       8 =                                          19    20     23    23
       9 =                                           1     1      1     1


 445.  Scolding: Early Boys
 446.  Scolding: Early Girls
 447.  Scolding: Late Boys
 448.  Scolding: Late Girls
    Scolding:  includes verbal reprimants, nagging, scolding for misbehavior.
       . = Missing data                             76    74     71    69
       0 =                                           2     2      2     1
       1 =                                           3     2      1     1
       2 =                                          11    13      8     9
       3 =                                           8     7      8     7
       4 =                                           9     9     11    11
       5 =                                          54    54     51    51
       6 =                                          15    16     19    21
       7 =                                           1     1      -     -
       8 =                                           7     8     13    14
       9 =                                           -     -      1     1

 449.  Warning: Early Boys
 450.  Warning: Early Girls
 451.  Warning: Late Boys
 452.  Warning: Late Girls
    Warning:  threats of punishment by supernatural beings or strangers.
       . = Missing data                             87    87     86    87
       0 =                                           1     1      1     -
       1 =                                           -     -      1     1
       2 =                                           4     4      5     5
       3 =                                           3     3      4     4
       4 =                                           4     4      4     4
       5 =                                          29    29     32    32
       6 =                                          38    38     36    36
       7 =                                           1     1      1     1
       8 =                                          14    14     11    11
       9 =                                           5     5      5     5

 453.  Corporal Punishment: Early Boys
 454.  Corporal Punishment: Early Girls
 455.  Corporal Punishment: Late Boys
 456.  Corporal Punishment: Late Girls
    Corporal Punishment:  whipping and any other pain-inflicting treatment.
       . = Missing data                             41    46     39    46
       0 =                                           9     9     10     8
       1 =                                           6     6      4     4
       2 =                                          35    35     29    30
       3 =                                          17    18     15    15
       4 =                                          12    12      8     9
       5 =                                          39    37     41    39
       6 =                                          20    16     17    16
       7 =                                           -     -      1     1
       8 =                                           3     3     18    16
       9 =                                           3     1      3     1


 457.  Ceremonies for Children: Early Boys
 458.  Ceremonies for Children: Early Girls
 459.  Ceremonies for Children: Late Boys
 460.  Ceremonies for Children: Late Girls
    Ceremonies for Children:  included are those for first animal killed or
    first basket woven by young child, or ceremonies like birthday
    parties or children's days.  Inclusion of children in cultural
    ceremonies justifies only moderate scores.
       . = Missing data                             54    62     40    55
       0 =                                           3     4      1     -
       1 =                                           1     5      -     2
       2 =                                          48    47     20    32
       3 =                                          20    22     18    25
       4 =                                           6     5      5     9
       5 =                                          38    26     61    42
       6 =                                          13    11     32    13
       7 =                                           -     -      1     -
       8 =                                           3     4      8     8

    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds18.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>

     STDS18.DAT Variables: 461-480

 461.  Gifts for Approved Behaviors: Early Boys
 462.  Gifts for Approved Behaviors: Early Girls
 463.  Gifts for Approved Behaviors: Late Boys
 464.  Gifts for Approved Behaviors: Late Girls
    Gifts for Approved Behaviors:  Material rewards for approved behaviors,
    e.g., gifts or conferring of privileges.
       . = Missing data                             45    50     41    43
       2 =                                          24    20     17    17
       3 =                                          18    22     19    23
       4 =                                           8     8      8     8
       5 =                                          65    61     72    66
       6 =                                          22    19     23    21
       7 =                                           -     -      -     -
       8 =                                           4     6      6     8

 465.  Permissiveness: Early Boys
 466.  Permissiveness: Early Girls
 467.  Permissiveness: Late Boys
 468.  Permissiveness: Late Girls
       . = Missing data                             17    19     18    18
       0 = Harsh socialization by parents or other
           authority figures with severe punishment  1     1      1     1
       1 =                                           1     1      5     7
       2 = Generally harsh treatment, not extreme    4     7      6     8
       3 =                                           9     7     10    13
       4 =                                          12    17     23    31
       5 = Generally moderate or balanced degree
           of both harshness and permissiveness     31    37     52    61
       6 =                                          37    41     32    22
       7 =                                          31    29     14     9
       8 = Generally indulgent, not extreme         28    19     15    12
       9 =                                          10     6      8     3
          Generally lenient and indulgent
          permissiveness, minimal punishment or
          expression of disapproval                  5     2      2     1

 469.  Affection: Early Boys
 470.  Affection: Early Girls
 471.  Affection: Late Boys
 472.  Affection: Late Girls
    Affection:  refers primarily to attention and positive interest
    expressed toward child.
       . = Missing data                             31    31     32    33
       0 = Minimal expression of affection,
           attention, positive interest in child     -     -      -     -
       1 =                                           -     1      -     1
       2 = Generally low expression of affection     6     9     10    13
           and attention
       3 =                                           3     3      4     4
       4 =                                          16    19     20    24
       5 = Moderate or sporadic expression of
           affection and attention                  40    35     43    37
       6 =                                          43    41     44    42
       7 =                                          19    21     17    19
       8 = Consistent, occasional strong expression 24    22     16    14
       9 =                                           4     4      -     -

 473.  Evaluation by Society: Early Boys
 474.  Evaluation by Society: Early Girls
 475.  Evaluation by Society: Late Boys
 476.  Evaluation by Society: Late Girls
    Evaluation by Society:  degree to which children are desired and valued.
       . = Missing data                             14    15     15    15
       0 = Children are viewed indifferently or
           as a liability by society and
           local community                           -     -      -     -
       1 =                                           -     1      -     1
       2 = Only slight, sporadic expression of
           valuation of children                     2     7      2     6
       3 =                                           3     9      3     9
       4 =                                          11    23      9    21
       5 = Moderate or occasionally strong
           expression of value of children          39    30     39    35
       6 =                                          46    50     48    49
       7 =                                          32    25     32    26
       8 = Strong, but no extreme valuation
           of children                              26    18     27    17
       9 =                                          12     9     11     8
          Intense, repeated expression of cultural
           valuation for children                    1     -      1     -


 477.  Incorporation into Society: Early Boys
 478.  Incorporation into Society: Early Girls
 479.  Incorporation into Society: Late Boys
 480.  Incorporation into Society: Late Girls
    Incorporation into Society:  refers to inclusion of children in adult
    activities.
       . = Missing data                             16    16     15    15
       0 = Almost complete exclusion from adult
           working, ceremonial, social activities    3     3      -     -
       1 =                                          22    21      2     -
       2 = Children are usually excluded from
           membership in adult activities           50    38      7     2
       3 =                                          49    47     14     7
       4 =                                          22    25     13    12
       5 = Inconsistent but substantial participation
           by children in adult activities          19    32     54    40
       6 =                                           4     3     37    44
       7 =                                           -     -     27    37
       8 = Children closely integrated in adult family
           activities with substantial participation
           in adult community life                   1     1     11    17
       9 =                                           -     -      6    11
           Almost complete, continual inclusion of
           children in adult activities              -     -      -     1



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds19.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
PARENTAL ACCEPTANCE-REJECTION AND PARENTAL CONTROL

Rohner, Ronald P., and Evelyn C. Rohner.  1982.  ETHNOLOGY 20:245-260.

STDS19.DAT Variables: 481-504


 481.  Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Mother: Boy
 482.  Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Mother: Girl
 483.  Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Mother: Aver
 484.  Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Father: Boy
 485.  Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Father: Girl
 486.  Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Father: Aver
 487.  Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Others: Boy
 488.  Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Others: Girl
 489.  Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Others: Aver
 490.  Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Overall: Boy
 491.  Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Overall: Girl
 492.  Warmth and Affection of Caretakers - Overall: Aver

                                                     Significant
                           Maternal     Paternal       Others      Overall
                         ------------ ------------  ------------ -----------
                         Boy Grl Av.  Boy Grl Av.   Boy Grl Av.  Boy Grl Ave

       . = Missing data 174 174 115  175 174 126   184 185 165  181 180  89
       1 =                -   -   -    -   -   -     -   -   -    -   -   0
       2 = Rarely         -   -   2    -   1   8     1   -   2    -   -   3
       3 =                -   -   1    -   -   -     -   -   -    -   -   0
       4 = Sometimes      -   3   2    4   1   3     -   -   1    -   -   3
       5 =                1   -   3    -   2   2     -   -   -    -   -   4
       6 = Frequently     2   2  10    1   5   5     -   1   7    -   3  14
       7 =                1   1   7    3   1   5     -   -   2    2   2  16
       8 = Almost Always  8   6  46    3   2  37     1   -   9    3   1  57


 493.  Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Mother: Boy
 494.  Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Mother: Girl
 495.  Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Mother: Aver
 496.  Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Father: Boy
 497.  Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Father: Girl
 498.  Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Father: Aver
 499.  Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Others: Boy
 500.  Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Others: Girl
 501.  Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Others: Aver
 502.  Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Overall: Boy
 503.  Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Overall: Girl
 504.  Hostility and Aggression of Caretakers - Overall: Aver


                                                     Significant
                           Maternal     Paternal       Others      Overall
                         ------------ ------------  ------------ -----------
                         Boy Grl Av.  Boy Grl Av.   Boy Grl Av.  Boy Grl Ave

       . = Missing data 182 182 141  185 185 145   185 184 171  181 185  74
       1 =                -   -   -    -   -   1     -   -   -    -   -   1
       2 = Rarely         1   2  21    1   0  23     -   -   3    2   1  58
       3 =                -   -   3    -   -   -     -   -   -    1   -   9
       4 = Sometimes      2   2  13    -   1  11     -   1   6    2   0  31
       5 =                -   -   2    -   -   2     -   -   -    -   -   5
       6 = Frequently     1   -   3    -   -   4     -   -   2    -   -   5
       7 =                -   -   1    -   -   -     -   -   1    -   -   2
       8 = Almost Always  -   -   2    -   -   -     1   1   3    -   -   1

     <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds20.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
STDS20.DAT Variables: 505-528

 505.  Indifference of Caretakers - Mother: Boy
 506.  Indifference of Caretakers - Mother: Girl
 507.  Indifference of Caretakers - Mother: Aver
 508.  Indifference of Caretakers - Father: Boy
 509.  Indifference of Caretakers - Father: Girl
 510.  Indifference of Caretakers - Father: Aver
 511.  Indifference of Caretakers - Others: Boy
 512.  Indifference of Caretakers - Others: Girl
 513.  Indifference of Caretakers - Others: Aver
 514.  Indifference of Caretakers - Overall: Boy
 515.  Indifference of Caretakers - Overall: Girl
 516.  Indifference of Caretakers - Overall: Aver
                                                     Significant
                           Maternal     Paternal       Others      Overall
                         ------------ ------------  ------------ -----------
                         Boy Grl Av.  Boy Grl Av.   Boy Grl Av.  Boy Grl Ave
       . = Missing data 178 169 134  169 181 146   181 183 171  171 182  88
       1 =                -   -   1    -   -   -     -   -   -    -   -   1
       2 = Rarely         6  15  38   13   2  27     4   3  11    5   3  67
       3 =                -   -   2    1   -   2     -   -   1    -   -   5
       4 = Sometimes      1   1   5    1   -   6     -   -   1    -   1  18
       5 =                -   -   -    -   -   -     -   -   -    -   -   1
       6 = Frequently     1   1   4    2   -   3     -   -   -    1   -   3
       7 =                -   -   1    -   -   1     1   -   1    -   -   2
       8 = Almost Always  -   -   1    -   3   1     -   -   1    -   -   1


 517.  Control by Caretakers - Mother: Boy
 518.  Control by Caretakers - Mother: Girl
 519.  Control by Caretakers - Mother: Aver
 520.  Control by Caretakers - Father: Boy
 521.  Control by Caretakers - Father: Girl
 522.  Control by Caretakers - Father: Aver
 523.  Control by Caretakers - Others: Boy
 524.  Control by Caretakers - Others: Girl
 525.  Control by Caretakers - Others: Aver
 526.  Control by Caretakers - Overall: Boy
 527.  Control by Caretakers - Overall: Girl
 528.  Control by Caretakers - Overall: Aver

       . = Missing data 171 166 138  162 175 136   178 182 169  158 162  71
       1 =                -   -   -    -   -   -     -   -   -    -   -   -
       2 = No Control     4   1  10    -   -   9     -   1   2    6   1  23
       3 =                -   -   2    -   -   2     -   -   -    1   1   9
       4 = Lax Control    6   2  16    5   3  11     2   -   2    8   6  23
       5 =                -   -   1    -   -   1     -   -   1    2   1   7
       6 = Firm Control   3   9  11   12   4  19     4   2  10    6   9  34
       7 =                1   3   3    1   1   2     1   -   1    1   1   9
       8 = Restrictive    1   5   5    6   3   6     1   1   1    4   5  10



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds21.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
ADOLESCENT INITIATION CEREMONIES

Schlegel, Alice, and Herbert Barry, III. 1979. Adolescent Initiation
       Ceremonies. ETHNOLOGY 18:199-210. Cross-Cultural Codes in Barry and Schlegel 1980.

STDS21.DAT Variables: 529-560
                                                     Boys Girls
 529.  Initiation Occurrence: Boys
 530.  Initiation Occurrence: Girls

       . = Missing data                                 4    3
       0 = Absent for both boys and girls              80   81
       1 = Absent for specified sex only               39   17
       2 = Present                                     63   85

 531.  Initiation Time: Boys
 532.  Initiation Time: Girls

       . = Missing data                                 4    3
       0 = Absent                                     120  100
       2 = before genital maturation                   13    9
       3 = at first signs of genital maturation        18   11
       4 = at genital maturation                        6   57
       5 = within one year after genital maturation    17    5
       6 = later (up to 18 years)                       8    1

 533.  Number of Concurrent Initiates: Boys
 534.  Number of Concurrent Initiates: Girls

       . = Missing data                                 4    3
       0 = Absent                                     119   99
       2 = Single                                      29   73
       3 = Small group                                  7    6
       4 = Large group                                 27    5

 535.  Duration of Initiation Ceremony: Boys
 536.  Duration of Initiation Ceremony: Girls

       . = Missing data                                 4    3
       0 = Absent                                     119   99
       2 = Short                                       28   36
       3 = Medium                                       7   21
       4 = Long                                        28   27

 537.  Number of Participants: Boys
 538.  Number of Participants: Girls

       . = Missing data                                 4    3
       0 = Absent                                     121   99
       2 = Immediate family                             7   40
       3 = Local group                                 25   29
       4 = Large group                                 29   15


 539.  Sexes of Participants: Boys
 540.  Sexes of Participants: Girls

       . = Missing data                                 4    3
       0 = Absent                                     119   99
       2 = Both sexes                                  12   11
       3 = Partially limited to same sex as initiates  17   28
       4 = Exclusively same sex as initiates           34   45

 541.  Primary Physical Components: Boys
 542.  Primary Physical Components: Girls

       . = Missing data                                 4    3
       0 = Absent                                     119   99
       2 = None                                         6   11
       3 = Manipulations or activities                 17   45
       4 = Pain other than genital operation           20   21
       5 = Genital operation                           13    7
       6 = Genital operation and other pain             7    -

 543.  Secondary Physical Components: Boys
 544.  Secondary Physical Components: Girls

       . = Missing data                                 4    3
       0 = Absent                                     119   99
       2 = Neither manipulations nor activities        15   20
       3 = Activities                                  14   10
       4 = Manipulation                                 9   26
       5 = Both manipulations and activities           25   28

 545.  Primary Cognitive or Performance Components: Boys
 546.  Primary Cognitive or Performance Components: Girls

       . = Missing data                                 4    3
       0 = Absent                                     119   99
       2 = Symbolic only                               20   15
       3 = Learning skills, sharing secrets, or other   3    3
       4 = Observing taboos                             8    1
       5 = Seclusion                                    7    9
       6 = Both seclusion and observing taboos         18   54
       7 = Fear                                         7    2

 547.  Secondary Cognitive or Performance Components: Boys
 548.  Secondary Cognitive or Performance Components: Girls

       . = Missing data                                 4    3
       0 = Absent                                     118  100
       2 = Neither learning skills nor sharing secrets 43   60
       3 = Sharing secrets                              8    2
       4 = Learning skills                              4   11
       5 = Both learning skills and sharing secrets     9   10


 549.  Primary Emic Interpretations: Boys
 550.  Primary Emic Interpretations: Girls

       . = Missing data                                 4    3
       0 = Absent                                     119   99
       2 = None                                         4    5
       3 = Status marker, physical change, or          41   75
            behavior change
       4 = Spiritual change                            11    2
       5 = Death-rebirth                                7    2

 551.  Secondary Emic Interpretations: Boys
 552.  Secondary Emic Interpretations: Girls

       . = Missing data                                 4    3
       0 = Absent                                     118  100
       2 = No status marker                             8    8
       3 = General status marker                       17   25
       4 = Status marker for adolescence or youth      14   12
       5 = Status marker for full adulthood            25   38

 553.  Tertiary Emic Interpretations: Boys
 554.  Tertiary Emic Interpretations: Girls

       . = Missing data                                 4    3
       0 = Absent                                     118  100
       2 = Neither physical nor behavior change        31   48
       3 = Behavior change                             10   12
       4 = Physical change                             12   16
       5 = Both physical and behavior change           11    7

 555.  Primary Social Consequences: Boys
 556.  Primary Social Consequences: Girls

       . = Missing data                                 4    3
       0 = Absent                                     118  100
       2 = None                                        19   32
       3 = Familial integration, familial              14   20
            independence, or other
       4 = Heterosexual intercourse                     8   25
       5 = Same-sex bonding                            17    3
       6 = Both same-sex bonding and heterosexual       6    3
            intercourse

 557.  Secondary Social Consequences: Boys
 558.  Secondary Social Consequences: Girls

       . = Missing data                                 4    3
       0 = Absent                                     118  100
       2 = None                                        36   57
       3 = Other                                        6    8
       4 = Familial independence                       13    9
       5 = Familial integration                         9    9


 559.  Principal Focus: Boys
 560.  Principal Focus: Girls

       . = Missing data                                 4    3
       0 = Absent                                     120  111
       2 = Fertility                                   11   34
       3 = Sexuality                                   10   18
       4 = Valor                                        6    1
       5 = Wisdom                                       7    1
       6 = Responsibility                              26   23
       7 = Other                                        2    7

    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds22.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds22.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
REPRODUCTIVE RITUALS

Paige, Karen Paige and Jeffrey Paige.  1981.  THE POLITICS OF
       REPRODUCTIVE RITUALS.  University of California Press.  Reprinted with
       Permission of Authors and Publishers.

STDS22.DAT Variables: 561-575

 561.  Menarcheal Ceremonies

     98    . = Missing data
     44    1 = Absent if onset of menstruation not marked by
               special public ritual
     44    2 = Present if onset of menstruation associated with
               either elaborate or limited rites

 562.  Circumcision

     94    . = Missing data
     70    1 = Superincision, or subincision, or absent
     22    2 = Circumcision

 563.  Maternal Restrictions

     97    . = Missing Data
     43    1 = Absent
     46    2 = Present

 564.  Husband Involvement Scale (Couvade)

     99    . = Missing Data
     51    1 = Minor Observance or informal
     36    2 = Seclusion, or postpartum work taboo, or food taboo

 565.  Menstrual Segregation
                                    Note: marginals off +-2 from here on
    104    . = Missing data
     54    1 = Absent
     28    2 = Present (either menstrual hut or structural
               isolation is reported)

 566.  Male Segregation Practices

    105    . = Missing data
     59    1 = Absent or Minor
     22    2 = Present

 567.  Combined Segregation Practices

    111    . = Missing data
     41    1 = Absent
     34    2 = Present



 568.  Compensation Demands

    119    . = Missing data
     34    2 = Present
     33    1 = Absent

 569.  Fraternal Interest Group Size

    103    . = Missing Data
     53    1 = Absent
     30    2 = Present

 570.  Fraternal Interest Group Strength
    105    . = Missing data
     33    1 = Both brideprice and patrilineality are absent, and
               size of effective kin-based political subunit is less than 100
     14    2 = Either brideprice or patrilineality; size of political
               subunit between 100 and 999
     15    3 = a. Size of political subunit is 1,000 or greater, and
               brideprice and patrilineality are absent; or
               b. Size of political subunit is less than 100 and both
               brideprice and patrilineality are present; or
               c. Size of political subunit is between 100 and 999
               and either brideprice or patrilineality is present
      8    4 = a. Size of political subunit is between 100 and 999,
               and both brideprice and patrilineality are present; or
               b. Size of political subunit is 1,000 or greater, and
               either brideprice or patrilineality is present
     11    5 = Size of political subunit is 1,000 or greateb, and both
               brideprice and patrilineality are present

 571.  Resource Base
     96    . = Missing data
     18    1 = Low
     34    2 = Unstable
     38    3 = High

 572.  Residence Pattern
     96    . = Missing data
     56    1 = Not favoring formation of fraternal interest groups including:
               a. Matrilocal or Uxorilocal Residence
               b. Ambilocal Residence
               c. Neolocal Residence
     34    2 = Favoring formation of fraternal interest groups: including
               a. Avunculocal Residence
               b. Patrilocal or Virilocal Residence
               c. Optionally Patrilocal or Avunculocal Residence

 573.  Ritual Warfare
    106    . = Missing data
     50    1 = Absent
     30    2 = Present


 574.  Achieved Leadership Through Wealth Distribution
    107    . = Missing data
     60    1 = Acts of wealth distribution which bring prestige to
               the giver are not one of the most important factors
               in attaining and maintaining the highest degree of
               political power in the society
     19    2 = Acts of wealth distribution which bring prestige to
               the giver are one of the most important factors in
               attaining and maintaining the highest degree of
               political power in the society

 575.  Unstable Political Power Index
    112    . = One, two, or three of the three variables have a score of 9
     42    1 = All three variables--ritual warfare, achieved
               leadership, and social indebtedness--have a score of 0.
     11    2 = Only one of the three variables has a score of 1;
               the other two score 0
     16    3 = Two of the variables have a score of 1; the other has
               a score of 0
      5    4 = All three variables have a score of 1



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds23.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
THE RELATIVE STATUS OF WOMEN

Whyte, Martin K.  1978.  ETHNOLOGY 17:211-237. Cross-Cultural Codes in Barry and Schlegel 1980.

STDS22.DAT Variables: 576-615
STDS23.DAT Variables: 616-636

Only the odd numbered societies are coded in this study.
Some of the even numbered societies, however, have been coded by undergraduates
at U.C. Irvine.  Many of these even-numbered societal codes are less reliable
than the original codes, and it is advised that a sample of odd-numbered cases
be selected for hypothesis testing.

 576.  Sex of Gods and Spirits and Other Super-Natural Beings
    119    . = Missing data
     10    1 = All male
     24    2 = Male are more numerous or more powerful
     13    3 = Male are more numerous while power equal or
               male are more powerful while numbers equal
     20    4 = Both and equal in numbers of power or women more numerous
               while power equal, or women more powerful while numbers equal
           : = Recode as Missing data, coder disagreement

 577.  Mythical Founders of the Culture
    121    . = Missing Data
     21    1 = All male
     18    2 = Both sexes, but the role of men more important
     19    3 = Both sexes, and the role of both sexes fairly equal
      7    4 = Both sexes, but female role more important, or solely female
           : = Recode as Missing data, coder disagreement

 578.  Sex of Shamans
    113    . = Missing Data
     14    1 = All male
     26    2 = Male more numerous, or more powerful
     26    3 = Male more numerous while power equal, or male more powerful
               while numbers equal, or about equal in both
      7    4 = Female more powerful or more numerous or solely female shamans
           : = Recode as Missing data, coder disagreement

 579.  Sex of Reputed Witches
    118    . = Missing Data
     16    1 = All male
     21    2 = Male predominance in numbers or power
     23    3 = Both, and equal in numbers or power
      8    4 = Female predominance in numbers of power or only female witches
           : = Recode as Missing data, coder disagreement

 580.  Participation in Collective Religious Ceremonies and Rituals
    113    . = Missing Data
      4    1 = Only males
     36    2 = Both, but males more commonly or more prominently
     28    3 = Both, and fairly equal participation
      5    4 = Both, but women more prominent
           : = Recode as Missing data, coder disagreement

 581.  Funeral or Burial Ceremonies Held
    102    . = Missing Data
     11    1 = Only for males, or for both, but male more elaborate
     73    2 = For both, and roughly equal
           : = Recode as Missing data, coder disagreement

 582.  Intermediate or Local Political Leaders
    112    . = Missing Data
     65    1 = Only males
      7    2 = Both sexes, but males more numerous or more powerful
      2    3 = Both sexes, and males more numerous while females equally
               powerful or males more powerful while females equally numerous
 583.  Leadership Posts in Kinship or Extended Family Units
    124    . = Missing Data
     52    1 = Include men only
      6    2 = Both, but men have more say and influence
      4    3 = Both, with roughly equal influence
           : = Recode as Missing data, coder disagreement

 584.  Participation in Collective Fighting and Warfare
    116    . = Missing Data
     62    1 = Only men
      8    2 = Both, but men do most fighting, women only aid
           : = Recode as Missing data, coder disagreement

 585.  Proportional Contribution of Women to Overall Subsistence
     94    . = Missing Data
      2    1 = Low
      2    2
     14    3
     23    4
     27    5
     18    6
      2    7
      4    8 = High
           : = Recode as Missing data, coder disagreement

 586.  Relative Time and Effort Expended on Subsistence Activities
     98    . = Missing Data
     14    1 = Men clearly expend more
     54    2 = Men and women expend roughly equal
     20    3 = Women clearly expend more

 587.  Community-wide Exclusively Male Work Groups
    108    . = Missing Data
     20    1 = None
     44    2 = For one activity
     14    3 = For two or more activities

 588.  Community-wide Exclusively Female Work Groups

    114    . = Missing data
     45    1 = None
     27    2 = For one or more activity

 589.  Degree of Segregation in Subsistence Activities

    109    . = Missing Data
     15    1 = Men and women are sharply segregated
     41    2 = Some segregation
     21    3 = Little or no segregation in these activities

 590.  Inheritance of Property of Some Economic Value

    105    . = Missing Data
     18    1 = Only males, or males except in unusual circumstances
     27    2 = Both, but males have definite preference
     22    3 = Roughly equal inheritance rights by sex
      4    4 = Female preference, or exclusive female rights

 591.  Ownership or Control of the Use of Dwellings

    114    . = Missing Data
     22    1 = Solely by men
     12    2 = Most owned by men
     25    3 = Equal ownership, or no preferential rights
     13    4 = Most or all owned or controlled by women

 592.  Control of Disposal and Use of Fruits of the Labor Done Solely by Men

     94    . = Missing Data
     30    1 = Men have virtually total say
     41    2 = Men have predominant say, or no indication of preference
     12    3 = Men and women have equal say
      9    4 = Women have the predominant or total say

 593.  Control of Disposal and Use of Fruits of the Labor Done by Men and Women
    105    . = Missing Data
      7    1 = Men have virtually total say
      6    2 = Men have the predominant say
     60    3 = Men and women have equal say, or no indication of preference
      8    4 = Women have the predominant or total say

 594.  Control of Disposal and Use of Fruits of the Labor Done Solely by Women
     94    . = Missing Data
      6    1 = Men have virtually total say or predominant say
     10    2 = Men and women have equal say
     62    3 = Women have the predominant say, or no indication of preference
     14    4 = Women have virtually total say

 595.  Men's Domestic work

     94    . = Missing Data
     47    1 = Males do virtually none, females virtually all
     45    2 = Males do some, but mostly done by females

 596.  (No) Double Standard in Regard to Premarital Sex (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    113    . = Missing Data
     32    1 = Yes
     41    2 = No, equal restrictions on male and female

 597.  (No) Double Standard in Regard to Extramarital Sex (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    111    . = Missing Data
     32    1 = Yes
     41    2 = No, equal restrictions
      2    3 = Male punished more severely for transgression

 598.  Extramarital Affairs of Married Women

    100    . = Missing Data
     40    1 = Not allowed, and apparently rare
     29    2 = Not allowed, but apparently not uncommon
     17    3 = Allowed, or very common

 599.  Menstrual Taboos

    124    . = Missing Data
     11    1 = No menstrual taboos
     15    2 = Rule vs. intercourse with menstruating woman
      9    3 = Personal restrictions on menstruants, e.g., dietary
      3    4 = Stated belief that menstrual blood is dangerous to men
      3    5 = A rule that menstruating women may not cook for men
      6    6 = Menstruating women are segregated from men,
               perhaps in a menstrual hut
     15    7 = A rule that menstruating women may not have contact with
               some male things, e.g., fishing gear, bows

 600.  The Role of Men and Women in Procreation Understood

     93    . = Missing Data
      7    1 = Men are thought to play the more important role
     80    2 = Belief in roughly equal contributions, or no
               evidence of greater contribution by either sex
      6    3 = Women are thought to play the more important role

601.  Sexual Drives and Urges Understood

     93    . = Missing Data
     17    1 = Men are thought to have stronger urges
     71    2 = Belief that urges are roughly equal, or no
               evidence of belief in greater urges by either sex
      5    3 = Women are thought to have stronger urges

 602.  (No) Explicit View that Sexual Activity is Dangerous or Contaminating (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    118    . = Missing Data
     15    1 = Yes
     53    2 = No

 603.  Role of the Older Generation in Arranging Marriages (1st Marriages Only)
    103    . = Missing Data
     13    1 = Males monopolize arrangement
     33    2 = Both males and females participate, males have more say
     28    3 = Both participate, and with roughly equal say
      9    4 = Both males and females participate, females have more say

 604.  Voice of the Potential Bride and Groom in Marriage Decisions
    106    . = Missing Data
      4    1 = Only the groom can initiate or refuse a match
     27    2 = Groom has more ability to initiate or refuse
     46    3 = Equal ability to initiate or refuse a match
      3    4 = Bride has more ability to initiate or refuse

 605.  Marriage Payments

    109    . = Missing Data
      5    1 = Woman exchange
     36    2 = Substantial bride price
     10    3 = Bride service
     10    4 = Token bride price
     10    5 = Gift exchange
      6    6 = Dowry

 606.  Preferred Marriage Forms

     93    . = Missing Data
     22    1 = Polygynous unions over 20%
     36    2 = Polygynous unions under 20%
     34    3 = Monogamy
      1    4 = Polyandry

 607.  (No Male) Multiple Spouses (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     94    . = Missing Data
     71    1 = Only for males
      4    2 = For both, but more commonly for males
     15    3 = For neither
      2    4 = For both, but more commonly for females

 608.  (No) Levirate (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    110    . = Missing Data
     54    1 = Present
     22    2 = Absent

 609.  Relative Distances Moved by the Bride and Groom Away from their Families
       of Orientation at First Marriage

    102    . = Missing Data
     58    1 = The female moves farther away
      7    2 = About equal distance
     19    3 = The male moves farther away


 610.  Relative Ease of Initiating Divorce

     93    . = Missing Data
      5    1 = Divorce is in theory only available to male
     12    2 = Divorce is possible for both, but more difficult for female
     72    3 = Divorce equally possible, no indication of bias
      4    4 = Divorce is possible for both, but more difficult
               for male, or in theory only available to female

 611.  Relative Ease of Remarriage

    101    . = Missing Data
     21    1 = Possible for both, but fewer obstacles for men
     64    2 = Equally possible for both men and women

 612.  Average Relative Age at First Marriage of Men and of Women

    116    . = Missing Data
      2    1 = Women generally older
      7    2 = Ages about equal
     12    3 = Men 1-2 years older
     18    4 = Men 3-4 years older
     31    5 = Men more than 4 years older

 613.  Final Authority over the Care, Handling and Discipline of Infants

    119    . = Missing Data
     12    1 = monopolized by males, or males have more say
     11    2 = is divided roughly equally
     21    3 = is divided, but females have more say
     23    4 = is monopolized by females

 614.  Final Authority over the Up-bringing and Discipline of Post-infant
       Unmarried Children Living in the Home

    118    . = Missing Data
     11    1 = is virtually monopolized by males
     14    2 = is divided, but males have more say
     34    3 = is divided roughly equally
      9    4 = is divided but females have more say, or final
               say is virtually monopolized by females

 615.  Wife to Husband Institutionalized Deference (Guttman Scale)

    102    . = Missing Data
     29    1 = None of the following coded
     15    2 = Husband dominates domestic decision making
     21    3 = + Wife excluded from many social gatherings
      9    4 = + Wife rarely disputes husband
      7    5 = + Husband has seating priority
      3    6 = + Wife kneels and bows when greeting husband

    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds24.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>

     STDS23.DAT Variables: 616-636

 616.  A Stated Preference for Children of One Sex

     93    . = Missing Data
     28    1 = For males
     54    2 = Equal, no preference
     11    3 = For females

617.  Any Evidence of Infanticide

    115    . = Missing Data
      6    1 = Mostly for females
     64    2 = For both, or for neither
      1    3 = Mostly for males

 618.  Early Training for Adult Duties

     93    . = Missing Data
      1    1 = Boys are trained earlier generally
     70    2 = Training begins at roughly equal ages, no stated bias by sex
     22    3 = Girls are trained earlier generally

 619.  Punishment for Equal Misbehavior

     93    . = Missing Data
      3    1 = Boys are punished more severely
     82    2 = Punishment about equal, no stated bias by sex
      8    3 = Girls are punished more severely

620.  Physical Punishment of the Spouse Condoned

    123    . = Missing Data
     39    1 = Only husband hitting wife generally
     16    2 = Physical punishment by neither
      8    3 = Either may hit the other, or only wife may hit husband

 621.  (No) Explicit View that Men Should and Do Dominate their Wives (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    123    . = Missing Data
     42    1 = Yes
     19    2 = No, evidence of rough equality
      2    3 = No, evidence of wife dominance

 622.  Attendance and Participation in General Community Gathering

    124    . = Missing Data
     27    1 = Only men, or both, but men more often or more prominently
     35    2 = Both equally, although perhaps segregated

 623.  Existence of General Female Initiation Ceremonies

    110    . = Missing Data
     36    1 = No initiations for females
      8    2 = Customary minimal social recognition
     10    3 = +Personal dramatization of the initiate
     12    4 = +Organized social response
     10    5 = +Affective social response (e.g., punishment or operations

 624.  Any Belief that the Status of Women has Changed in Folklore or History
     93    . = Missing Data
      6    1 = A belief it has declined
     83    2 = No such belief, or no change
      4    3 = A belief it has improved

 625.  High Value Placed on Males being Aggressive, Strong, and Sexually Potent

    105    . = Missing Data
     26    1 = Marked emphasis
     33    2 = Moderate emphasis
     22    3 = Little or no emphasis

 626.  (No) Belief that Women are Generally Inferior to Men (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     93    . = Missing Data
     27    1 = Yes
     66    2 = No such belief

 627.  A Statement that Women Have More Informal Influence than Formal Norms
       of the Society Would Make It Appear

     93    . = Missing Data
     49    1 = No such statement or implication
     25    2 = A statement or implication of somewhat more informal influence
     19    3 = A statement or implicaton of much more informal influence

 628.  Property Control Scale
     93    . = Missing Data
      4    1 = Women have low control over property
     19    2
     60    3
     10    4 = Women have high control over property

 629.  Kin Power Scale
     93    . = Missing Data
     19    1 = Low power of women in kinship contexts
     52    2
     22    3 = High power of women in kinship contexts

 630.  Value of Life Scale

     93    . = Missing Data
      8    1 = Low value placed on women's lives
     37    2
     48    3 = High value placed on women's lives

 631.  Value of Labor

     93    . = Missing Data
      1    1 = Low value of women's labor
      9    2
     40    3
     34    4
      9    5 = High value of women's labor

 632.  Domestic Authority Scale

     97    . = Missing Data
      8    1 = Low women's domestic authority
     21    2 = Med-Low
     32    3 = Med-High
     28    4 = High women's domestic authority

 633.  Ritualized Female Solidarity Scale

     93    . = Missing Data
     26    1 = Low female solidarity
     38    2
     29    3 = High female solidarity

 634.  Control of Sex Scale

     94    . = Missing Data
      3    1 = Stricter controls over women's marital and sexual lives
     56    2
     33    3 = More equal controls over women's marital and sexual lives

 635.  Ritualized Fear Scale

     93    . = Missing Data
      6    1 = High ritualized fear of women
     18    2
     69    3 = Low ritualized fear of women

 636.  Joint Participation Scale

     95    . = Missing Data
     10    1 = Low joint participation of men and women
     50    2
     31    3 = High joint participation of men and women



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds25.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
    KIN TERM PATTERNS

    Murdock, George P.  1970.  ETHNOLOGY 9:165-207. Cross-Cultural Codes in Barry and Schlegel 1980.
    STDS25.DAT Variables 637-644 (not including 645-656)

 637.  PATTERNS FOR GRANDPARENTS
     41    . = Missing Data
     88    1 = Bisexual Pattern
     25    2 = Merging Pattern
     21    3 = Bifurcate Bisexual Pattern
      4    4 = Matri-skewed Pattern
      4    5 = Null Pattern
      0    6 = Bifurcate Pattern
      1    7 = Patri-Skewed Pattern
      2    8 = Rare Patterns

 638.  PATTERNS FOR GRANDCHILDREN
     45    . = Missing Data
     74    1 = Merging Pattern
     21    2 = Bisexual Pattern
     21    3 = Self-Reciprocal Pattern
     10    4 = Bifurcate Bisexual Pattern
      5    5 = Null Pattern
      4    6 = Speaker's Sex Pattern
      2    7 = Bifurcate Pattern
      4    8 = Bifuracte Speaker's Sex Pattern
      0    9 = Rare Patterns

 639.  PATTERNS FOR UNCLES

     41    . = Missing Data
     44    1 = Simple Bifurcate Merging Pattern
     42    2 = Simple Bifurcate Collateral Pattern
     22    3 = Skewed Bifurcate Collateral Pattern
     21    4 = Lineal Pattern
      7    5 = Generation Pattern
      2    6 = Age-Differentiated Bifurcate Collateral Pattern
      5    7 = Relative Age Pattern
      1    8 = Speaker-Differentiated Bifurcate Merging Pattern
      1    9 = Speaker-Differentiated Bifurcate Collateral Pattern
      0    10= Rare Patterns

 640.  PATTERNS FOR AUNTS

     41    . = Missing Data
     41    1 = Simple Bifurcate Collateral Pattern
     41    2 = Bifurcate Merging Pattern
     22    3 = Lineal Pattern
     14    4 = Generation Pattern
     16    5 = Skewed Bifurcate Collateral Pattern
      5    6 = Relative Age Pattern
      3    7 = Age-Differentiated Bifurcate Collateral Pattern
      2    8 = Speaker-Differentiated Bifurcate Collateral Pattern
      1    9 = Rare Patterns
641.  PATTERNS FOR NEPHEWS AND NIECES (MALE SPEAKING)

     45    . = Missing Data
     30    1 = Simple Bifurcate Merging Pattern
     20    2 = Sex-Differentiated Bifurcate Merging Pattern
     19    3 = Simple Bifurcate Collateral Pattern
     17    4 = Simple Lineal Pattern
     17    5 = Generation Pattern
     15    6 = Sex-Differentiated Lineal Pattern
     14    7 = Sex-Differentiated Bifurcate Collateral Pattern
      3    8 = Age-Skewed Bifurcate Collateral Pattern
      1    9 = Age-Differentiated Bifurcate Collateral Pattern
      0   10 = Sister-Skewed Bifurcate Collateral Pattern
      ?   11 = Brother-Skewed Bifurcate Collateral Pattern
      3   12 = Rare Pattern ElSbCh and YoSbCh distinguished by relative age
      1   13 = Rare Pattern between 5 and 7, distinguishing BrSo, SiSo, SbDa

 642.  PATTERNS FOR SIBLINGS

     44    . = Missing Data
     31    1 = Dravidian Pattern
     22    2 = European Pattern
     17    3 = Yoruban Pattern
     14    4 = Algonkian Pattern
      6    5 = Kordofanian Pattern
      9    6 = Southern Bantu Pattern
      8    7 = East Polynesian Pattern
      8    8 = Quechuan Pattern
      6    9 = Carolinian  Pattern
      ?   10 = Siouan Pattern
      6   11 = Caddoan Pattern
      ?   12 = Malagasy Pattern
      3   13 = Jivaran Pattern
      ?   14 = Voltaic Pattern
      ?   15 = Yukian Pattern
      6   16 = Rare Patterns

 643.  PATTERNS FOR CROSS-COUSINS
     42    . = Missing Data
     42    1 = Hawaiian Pattern
     39    2 = Iroquois Pattern
     20    3 = Eskimo Pattern
      9    4 = Omaha Pattern
     17    5 = Crow Pattern
     10    6 = Descriptive Pattern
      7    7 = Sudanese Pattern

 644.  PATTERNS FOR SIBLINGS-IN-LAW
     77    . = Missing Data
     19    1 = Merging Pattern
     12    2 = Simple Bisexual Pattern
     15    3 = Speaker's Sex Bisexual Pattern
     14    4 = Opposite Sex Pattern
     10    5 = Null Pattern
      5    6 = Differentiated Pattern
      5    7 = Strongly Differentiated Pattern
      4    8 = Relative Sex Pattern
      6    9 = Sex-of-link Bisexual Pattern
      ?   10 = Spouse's Sibling vs. Sibling's Spouse Pattern
      ?   11 = Skewed Bisexual Pattern
      1   12 = Paired Bisexual Pattern
      3   13 = Potential Spouse Pattern
      4   14 = Same Sex Pattern


     CULTURAL THEORIES OF ILLNESS

     George P. Murdock and Suzanne Wilson.  1978.  ETHNOLOGY 17:449-470.
     STDS25.DAT Variables 645-656 (not including 637-644)

 645.  Theories of Infection

     64    . = Missing data
     91    1 = Absence of such a cause
     30    2 = Minor or relatively unimportant cause
      0    3 = An important auxiliary cause
      1    4 = Predominant cause recognized by the society

 646.  Theories of Stress

     59    . = Missing data
     56    1 = Absence of such a cause
     68    2 = Minor or relatively unimportant cause
      3    3 = An important auxiliary cause
      0    4 = Predominant cause recognized by the society

 647.  Theories of Deterioration

     58    . = Missing data
     99    1 = Absence of such a cause
     29    2 = Minor or relatively unimportant cause
      0    3 = An important auxiliary cause
      0    4 = Predominant cause recognized by the society

 648.  Theories of Accident

     58    . = Missing data
     91    1 = Absence of such a cause
     37    2 = Minor or relatively unimportant cause
      0    3 = An important auxiliary cause
      0    4 = Predominant cause recognized by the society

 649.  Theories of Fate

     59    . = Missing data
     99    1 = Absence of such a cause
     27    2 = Minor or relatively unimportant cause
      1    3 = An important auxiliary cause
      0    4 = Predominant cause recognized by the society

 650.  Theories of Ominous Sensation

     59    . = Missing data
     90    1 = Absence of such a cause
     37    2 = Minor or relatively unimportant cause
      0    3 = An important auxiliary cause
      0    4 = Predominant cause recognized by the society

651.  Theories of Contagion

     58    . = Missing data
     81    1 = Absence of such a cause
     46    2 = Minor or relatively unimportant cause
      1    3 = An important auxiliary cause
      0    4 = Predominant cause recognized by the society

 652.  Theories of Mystical Retribution

     55    . = Missing data
     26    1 = Absence of such a cause
     68    2 = Minor or relatively unimportant cause
     32    3 = An important auxiliary cause
      5    4 = Predominant cause recognized by the society

 653.  Theories of Soul Loss

     59    . = Missing data
     96    1 = Absence of such a cause
     30    2 = Minor or relatively unimportant cause
      1    3 = An important auxiliary cause
      0    4 = Predominant cause recognized by the society

 654.  Theories of Spirit Aggression

     55    . = Missing data
      2    1 = Absence of such a cause
     18    2 = Minor or relatively unimportant cause
     37    3 = An important auxiliary cause
     74    4 = Predominant cause recognized by the society

 655.  Theories of Sorcery

     56    . = Missing data
     16    1 = Absence of such a cause
     45    2 = Minor or relatively unimportant cause
     45    3 = An important auxiliary cause
     24    4 = Predominant cause recognized by the society

 656.  Theories of Witchcraft

     55    . = Missing data
     81    1 = Absence of such a cause
     24    2 = Minor or relatively unimportant cause
     17    3 = An important auxiliary cause
      9    4 = Predominant cause recognized by the society

    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds26.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds26.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
FEMALE POWER AND MALE DOMINANCE

Sanday, Peggy.  1981.  FEMALE POWER AND MALE DOMINANCE.  Previously
unpublished.

STDS26.DAT Variables 657-679

 657.  Flexible Marriage Mores (Divorce for both men and women: or mild
       punishment for adultery)

     44    . = Missing data
     28    1 = Absent
    114    2 = Present

 658.  Females Produce Goods for Nondomestic Distribution

     34    . = Missing data
     27    1 = Absent
    125    2 = Present

 659.  Demand for Female Produce beyond Household

     51    . = Missing data
     40    1 = Absent
     95    2 = Present

 660.  Female Economic Control of Products of Own Labor

     47    . = Missing data
     41    1 = Absent
     98    2 = Present

 661.  Female Political Participation, at least informal influence

     41    . = Missing data
     62    1 = Absent
     83    2 = Present

 662.  Female Solidarity Groups, formal or informal

     56    . = Missing data
     93    1 = Absent
     37    2 = Present

 663.  Female Power Guttman Scale constructed from 657-662

     53    . = Missing data
     11    1 = all items absent
      9    2 = flexible marriage mores only (657)
      5    3 = plus female nondomestic production (658)
     13    4 = plus demand for female produce (659)
     23    5 = plus female economic control (660)
     41    6 = plus female political participation (661)
     31    7 = plus female solidarity groups (662)

 664.  Ideology of Male Toughness

     78    . = Missing data
     21    1 = Absent
     87    2 = Present

 665.  Male Segregation:  One or more places where males congregate alone, or
       males occupy a separate part of the household, or there is sharp
       ceremonial segregation of the sexes.

     75    . = Missing data
     24    1 = Absent
     87    2 = Present

 666.  Moderate or Frequent Interpersonal Violence

     55    . = Missing data
     43    1 = Absent
     88    2 = Present

 667.  Rape:  Incidents reports, or thought of as means of punishment women, or
       part of ceremony.

     91    . = Missing data
     45    1 = Absent
     50    2 = Present

 668.  At least some Wives taken from Hostile Groups

     55    . = Missing data
     84    1 = Absent
     47    2 = Present

 669.  Male Aggression Guttman Scale constructed from 664-668

     79    . = Missing data
     15    1 = no items present (none of 664-668)
      5    2 = ideology of male toughness only (664)
     18    3 = plus separate places for men (665)
     12    4 = plus interpersonal violence (666)
     19    5 = plus rape institutionalized or reported (667)
     38    6 = plus taking wives from hostile groups (668)

 670.  Composite of Male Dominance constructed from 663 plus 669 (657-669)

     47    . = Missing data
     45    1 = sexes `equal' -- i.e., female power scale 5 or above,
               and male aggression scale 4 or below
     55    2 = `mythical' male -- female power scale 5 or above,
               and male aggression scale 5 or above
     39    3 = sexes `unequal' -- female power scale 4 or below

`Pollution' Beliefs

 671.  Menstrual Taboos (H16)
     76    . = Missing data
      8    1 = no menstrual restrictions
     26    2 = one restriction present
     25    3 = two restrictions
     17    4 = three
     15    5 = four
     19    6 = five

 672.  Male Avoidance of Female Sexuality (A11)
           *  (check if correct assignment of codes)
     76    . = Missing data
     26    1 = none
     51    2 = sexual intercourse prohibited during menstruation
     31    3 = sexual intercourse prohibited at other times also
      8    4 = men avoid or fear female genitals

       Creation Stories

 673.  Sex of Creative Agent, Ancestor, or Culture-Hero
    147    . = Missing data
      6    1 = Female
      2    2 = Sexless
      6    3 = Couple
      9    4 = Male
      3    5 = Animal
     13    6 = Supreme being or force

 674.  Origin of First Creator or Ancestor

    147    . = Missing data, or no information
     13    1 = From within (`feminine')
      3    2 = From within and without
     21    3 = From without (`masculine')
      2    4 = Void

 675.  Mode of First-Mentioned Creation

    147    . = Missing data
     14    1 = From the body:  Union and/or birth
      2    2 = From the body:  Self-propagation
     20    3 = From other than the body
      3    4 = Cannot be determined




676.  Creation Stories (composite of 675 and 656, plus additional  societies)

     74    . = Missing
     20    1 = feminine symbolism
     36    2 = couple symbolism
     56    3 = masculine symbolism

           *   Note: information in Table C.4 sufficient to distinguish:
     74    . = Missing
           1 = feminine symbolism
           2 = masculine-feminine symbolism:  ambiguous
           3 = couple symbolism
           4 = masculine symbolism:  discrepant feminine element
                also present
           5 = masculine symbolism

       Predictor Variables

 677.  Migration

     81    . = Missing data
     47    1 = aboriginal area or migrated centures ago
     58    2 = recent migration, within past 100-150 years, or
               people are said to be migrating conquerors

 678.  Food Stress or Hunger

     48    . = Missing data
     47    1 = food constant
     62    2 = occasional hunger or famine
     26    3 = periodic or chronic hunger
      3    4 = starvation or evidence of protein deficiency
                   (note: exact coding distinction between 3 and 4 unclear)

 679.  Warfare or Fighting

     53    . = Missing data
     41    1 = absent or occasional or periodical
     92    2 = frequent or endemic



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds27.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
FEMALE STATUS:  INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

Whyte, Martin K.  1978.  THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN PREINDUSTRIAL
    SOCIETIES.  Princeton University Press.  Previously Unpublished.

STDS27.DAT Variables 680-709
STDS28.DAT Variables 710-738

    Only the odd numbered societies are coded in this study.

 680.  Plow

     94    . = Missing data
     66    1 = Absent
     26    2 = Present

 681.  Irrigation

    100    . = Missing data
     55    1 = Absent
     31    2 = Present

 682.  Cereal Grains the Principal Crop

     94    . = Missing data
     45    1 = Absent
     47    2 = Present

 683.  Roots or Tubers the Principal Crop

     93    . = Missing data
     71    1 = Absent
     22    2 = Present

 684.  Tree Fruits and Starches the Principal Crops

     94    . = Missing data
     82    1 = Absent
     10    2 = Present

 685.  Large Nonmilked Aboriginal Domestic Animals

     99    . = Missing data
     75    1 = Absent
     12    2 = Present

 686.  Large Milked Aboriginal Domestic Animals

     96    . = Missing data
     61    1 = Absent
     29    2 = Present

 687.  Small Aboriginal Domestic Animals - excluding dogs, cats, fowl, guinea
       pigs

     98    . = Missing data
     39    1 = Absent
     49    2 = Present


 688.  Large Domestic Animals, only since European contact

     94    . = Missing data
     77    1 = Absent
     12    2 = Present

 689.  Small Domestic Animals, only since European contact

    106    . = Missing data
     71    1 = Absent
      9    2 = Present

       Hunting

 690.  Large Animals are Hunted and Important to the Diet

    100    . = Missing data
     44    1 = Absent
     42    2 = Present

 691.  Small Animals are Hunted and Important to the Diet

    104    . = Missing data
     35    1 = Absent
     47    2 = Present

 692.  Intermediate Animals are Hunted and Important to the Diet

    104    . = Missing data
     33    1 = Absent
     49    2 = Present

       Warfare

 693.  Frequency of Intercommunity Armed Conflict

     95    . = Missing data
     49    1 = Past, supralocal, or absent
     42    2 = Present and endemic local warfare
                (collapsed from an original five categories)

       Male Solidarity

 694.  Male Initiation Ceremonies (Guttman Scale - see Frank Young, 1965)

    111    . = Missing data
     37    1 = No initiation
     10    2 = Minimal social recognition
      7    3 = Personal dramatization of the initiate
      3    4 = Organized social response
     18    5 = Affective social response: beating, hazing or operations
               (coefficient of scalability = .76)


 695.  Male Solidarity (Guttman Scale - see Young and Bacdayan 1965)

     93    . = Missing data
     57    1 = No institutionalized male solidarity
      7    2 = Some exclusive male activity protected by physical
               or normative barriers
      6    3 = Ritualization given to this activity
     14    4 = Definite ranking of men within this activity
      9    5 = War training or planning a part of this activity
                  (scalability = .88)


        Matrilineal Descent

 696.  Matrilineal Descent

     93    . = Missing data
     76    1 = Patrilineal, dual, bilateral, or other
     17    2 = Matrilineal

 697.  Matrilocal Residence

     96    . = Missing data
     72    1 = All other
     18    2 = Matrilocal

       Extended Families

 698.  Preferred Family Form  (adapted from Murdock 1961)

     97    . = Missing data
     26    1 = Nuclear
     23    2 = Stem
     10    3 = Lineal
     30    4 = Extended

       Political and Legal

 699.  Political Organization (adapted from Murdock 1961, p. 207)

     93    . = Missing data
     11    1 = Absence of local political integration - family heads
               acknowledge no higher authority
     40    2 = Autonomous local community -- population below 1500
     13    3 = Minimal State -- political integration in independent
               units averaging 1500 - 10,000
     27    4 = Little State -- political integration in independent
               units averaging 10,000 - 100,000
      2    5 = State political integration in a unit of 100,000 plu

 700.  Crimes against Person Punished

     94    . = Missing data
     37    1 = By person or group wronged
     55    2 = By government action

 701.  (No) Government full-time Bureaucrats (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     94    . = Missing data
     62    1 = Full time bureaucrats unrelated to government head
     30    2 = No full time bureaucrats, or only relatives of head

 702.  Community is part of a Kingdom (defined as a centralized political unit
       with centralized organs of political control, power to tax, and rule
       concentrated in a single office, which is hereditary -- following
       Stephens 1963)

     99    . = Missing data
     70    1 = No
     17    2 = Yes

 703.  Community part of a Kingdom in the past that no longer exists

     99    . = Missing data
     74    1 = No
     13    2 = Yes

       Private Property

 704.  Private Property

    102    . = Missing data
     70    1 = Absent
     14    2 = Present

       Complexity

 705.  Settlement Type

     93    . = Missing data
      7    1 = Fully migratory or nomadic bands
     21    2 = Seminomadic - bands which wander for at least half the
               year, but occupy a fixed settlement for some season(s)
     22    3 = Neighborhoods of dispersed family settlements
     28    4 = Separated hamlets, where several form more or less
               a single permanent community
     12    5 = Compact and permanent village or town
      3    6 = Complex settlements surrounded by homesteads or
               hamlets considered part of the community

 706.  Metalworking

    100    . = Missing data
     33    1 = Absent
     53    2 = Present

 707.  Manufacture of Pottery

     96    . = Missing data
     26    1 = Absent
     64    2 = Present

 708.  True Weaving

    100    . = Missing data
     43    1 = Absent
     43    2 = Present

 709.  Social Stratification in the Larger Society

     94    . = Missing data
     24    1 = Lack of significant stratification among free men
     31    2 = Differences in wealth and control, but not crystallized
               into distinct and hereditary social classes
     11    3 = Dual stratification into hereditary elites and commoners
     26    4 = Complex stratification into three or more classes/castes

    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds28.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>

STDS28.DAT Variables 710-738

 710.  Social Stratification in the Local Community

     93    . = Missing data
     29    1 = Lack of significant stratification among free men
     36    2 = Differences in wealth and control, but not crystallized
               into distinct and hereditary social classes
      8    3 = Dual stratification into hereditary elites and commoners
     18    4 = Complex stratification into three or more classes/castes

 711.  Societal Complexity (Guttman Scale - Freeman and Winch 1957)

     93    . = Missing data
     37    1 = Absence of all traits in scale
     13    2 = Crimes punished by government (704)
      9    3 = Full-time specialized priests
      1    4 = Formal education
      8    5 = Written language
     25    6 = Full-time bureaucrats (705)
               (scalability .643, a shade below accepted minimum of .65)



 712.  Institutionalized Envy (scaled by unweighted sum for presence or absence
       of four correlated indicators -- (a) men imitate women, (b) women
       imitate men, and (c) exclusive mother-infant sleeping, and (3) exclusive
       mother-child sleeping). Constructed arithmetically from means and
       cutting points.

    100    . = Missing data
     13    1 = No items present
     14    2 = One or two item present
     59    3 = Three of four items present

       Classical Religion

 713.  (Pre-Classical) Religion (**inaccurate for 27, see 713rev from 1807: additional 85 coded)
       in a previous edition of the codebook codes 1-3 were reversed 3-1 as were
       the frequencies for the named categories.

     93    . = Missing data
     14    1 = Classical religion (Xianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism)
     31    2 = Mixture of classical and preclassical
     48    3 = Preclassical

 713rev. (Pre-Classical) Religion (retains 713 codes,takes new values from 2002-1807: additional 85 coded)

      0    . = Missing data
     39    1 = Classical religion (Xianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism)
     31    2 = Mixture of classical and preclassical
    116    3 = Preclassical

SHOULD THIS BE?
      8    . = Missing data
     26    1 = Classical religion (Xianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism)
     36    2 = Mixture of classical and preclassical
    116    3 = Preclassical

       Female Shortage

 714.  Sex Ratio

     96    . = Missing data
     10    1 = Female excess
     60    2 = Roughly equal
     20    3 = Male excess
               N=90
           *   Reliability high: Pearson R=-.595 as compared with N=59 v1689 cutpoints
               v1649:         1 &lt; 95,    2 intermediate,  3 &gt; 102.5
            crosstab          Male excess     normal     Female excess
     10    1 = Female excess      0             3             5
     60    2 = Roughly equal      3             2             4
     20    3 = Male excess        7             2             0 Pvalue = 0.000000000083
		   N=121 for a combination of both variables r=.956

 715.  Systematic Absences of Married Males (Military service, Labor elsewhere,
       Extended trade expeditions, etc.)

     94    . = Missing data
     38    1 = No systematic absences
           2 = Systematic absences -- not presently, but within
      6        memory of present adults
     48    3 = Systematic absences common presently

       Quality Control Variables

 716.  Sex of Coders

     93    . = Missing data
     12    1 = Both male
     43    2 = Male and female
     38    3 = Both female

 717.  Number of Sources Consulted

     93    . = Missing data
     11    1 = One
     23    2 = Two
     27    3 = Three
     21    4 = Four or five
     11    5 = Six to nine

 718.  Number of Authorities Consulted

     93    . = Missing data
     27    1 = One
     31    2 = Two
     17    3 = Three
     18    4 = Four to seven

 719.  Total Pages in Sources Consulted

     93    . = Missing data
     15    1 = Under 300
     22    2 = 300-499
     44    3 = 500-999
     12    4 = Over 1000

 720.  Sex of Authorities

     93    . = Missing data
     66    1 = All males
     23    2 = Mixed males and females
      4    3 = All females

 721.  Nationality of Authorities

     93    . = Missing data
     28    1 = All Americans
     28    2 = Some Americans
     37    3 = None Americans

 722.  Occupation of Authorities

     95    . = Missing data (or some or all unknown)
     55    1 = No anthropologist
     30    2 = Some anthropologists
      6    3 = All anthropologists

 723.  Formal Fieldwork training of authorities

     94    . = Missing data (or some or all unknown)
     56    1 = All had some
     29    2 = some had
      7    3 = None had any

 724.  Knowledge of native language **(e.g., by ethnographers)

     99    . = Missing data (or some or all unknown)
     52    1 = All knew it well
     33    2 = Some knew it well
      2    3 = None knew it well

 725.  Total periods of fieldwork

     97    . = Missing data (or some or all unknown)
     11    1 = One year or less
     36    2 = One to three years
     42    3 = More than three years

 726.  Anthropological Present

     93    . = Missing data
      8    1 = Before 1800 A.D.
     34    2 = 1801-1900
     40    3 = 1901-1950
     11    4 = After 1950 A.D.

 727.  Importance of Agriculture in Subsistence, including gardening
 728.  Importance of Animal Husbandry in Subsistence
 729.  Importance of Fishing, Shellfishing and Marine Hunting
 730.  Importance of Hunting and Gathering in Subsistence
 731.  Importance of Handicrafts, Manufacturing
 732.  Importance of Trade in Subsistence

     728 (raising domestic animals, using milk, eggs, etc. -- even if this
     involves only the raising of draft animals for use in agriculture)
     731 (insofar as they contribute to subsistence, defined as supplying the
     overall needs for food, clothing, and shelter of the community)
     732 (include trade conducted to gain needed subsistence items, not
     simply exchange of ceremonial items; measure of extent to which members
     of the community depend upon trading in order to acquire items needed
     for subsistence that they do not produce themselves)

                                                          727728729730731732
       . = Missing data                                    93 93 93 93 93 93
       1 = Dominant, the principal subsistence activity    43  6  4 12  0  0
       2 = Co-dominant with one or more other categories   20 12 13 14  1  3
       3 = Important, but not a major subsistence activity  6 32 26 28 42 33
       4 = Present, but relatively unimportant              2 14 19 24 44 44
       5 = Insignificant, sporadic, or absent              22 29 31 15  6 13

           2 = Co-dominant, sharing position of principal subsistence
               activity with one or more other categories
           4 = Present, but relatively unimportant as a subsistence activity



 733.  Contribution of the Sexes to Agriculture
 734.  Contribution of the Sexes to Animal Husbandry
 735.  Contribution of the Sexes to Fishing, Shellfishing, and Marine Hunting
 736.  Contribution of the Sexes to Hunting and Gathering
 737.  Relative Contribution of the Sexes to Handicrafts and Manufacture
 738.  Relative Contribution of the Sexes to Trade

                                                     733 734 735 736 737 738
       . = Missing data                               93  93  93  93  93  93
       1 = Male participation exclusively, or          6  12  25  10   4  16
           female contribution negligible
       2 = Male participation appreciably greater     18  17  18  19  21  15
       3 = Equal participation                        22  11  13  37  44  24
       4 = Female participation appreciably greater   17   7   2   6  10   5
       5 = Female participation exclusively, or        3   4   2   1   1   3
           male contribution negligible
       6 = Activity conducted solely by slaves or     27  42  33  20  13  30
           members of servile classes,
           or does not apply, OR NO INFORMATION



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds29.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
HUSBAND-WIFE RELATIONSHIPS

Broude, Gwen, and Sarah J. Greene.  1983.  ETHNOLOGY 22:263-280.

STDS29.DAT Variables 739-755

 739.  Marriage Arrangements

     38    . = Missing data
     46    1 = Individual selects and/or courts partner autonomously:
               approval by parents or others unnecessary
     26    2 = Individual selects and/or courts partner autonomously:
               parental, kin, and/or community approval necessary or
               highly desireable
      5    3 = Individual suggests partner to parents or others:
               arrangements for courtship or marriage then proceed
               if choice is approved
             OR parents ask approval of individuals to initiate
               a match
             OR individual is approached by parent or others on
               behalf of suitor and can accept or reject the match
     27    4 = Individual choice and arranged marriages are
               alternatives
     25    5 = Parents choose partner: individual can object
     19    6 = Parents choose partner: individual cannot easily
               object or rarely objects in fact

 740.  Marriage Arrangements (Female)

     35    . = Missing data
     12    1 = Individual selects and/or courts partner autonomously:
               approval by parents or others unnecessary
     40    2 = Individual selects and/or courts partner authonomously:
               parental, kin, and/or community approval necessary
               or highly desireable
      4    3 = Individual suggests partner to parents or others;
               arrangements for courtship or marriage then proceed
               if choice is approved
             OR parents ask approval of individuals to initiate
               a match
             OR individual is approached by parent or others on
               behalf of suitor and can accept or reject the match
     27    4 = Individual choice and arranged marriages are
               alternatives
     35    5 = Parents choose partner: individual can object
     33    6 = Parents choose partner: individual cannot easily
               object or rarely objects in fact

 741.  Widow Remarriage: Choice of Partner

     94    . = Missing data
     28    1 = Widow chooses new husband herself with no outside
               interferences
     27    2 = Remarriage into first husband's kin group usually
               or preferred, but widow can choose new husband from
               elsewhere if she wishes
      4    3 = Widow chooses new husband herself, but from first
               husband's kin group or community
     27    4 = Widow's husband's kin chooses new husband
      6    5 = Remarriage is absent, uncommon, or strongly
               disapproved

 742.  Time of Mourning Before Remarriage of Widows

    147    . = Missing data
      4    1 = No period of mourning: remarriage as soon as possible
      3    2 = One week to two months of mourning
      9    3 = Over two months but less than one year of mourning
     18    4 = One year or over of mourning
      5    5 = No remarriage

 743.  (Neg) Attitude towards Divorce (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    126    . = Missing data
     11    1 = Expected, accepted, tolerated, not disapproved
     16    2 = Mildly disapproved, e.g., attempts by others to
               reconcile couple, marriages expected to be permanent
               but divorce accepted without stigma if inevitable
     11    3 = Approved if reasons are considered justified;
               otherwise disapproved
     11    4 = Expected, accepted, tolerated, not disapproved in
               first years of marriage and/or before children;
               otherwise disapproved
     11    5 = Strongly disapproved; stigma attached to divorce

 744.  (Neg) Frequency of Divorce (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    101    . = Missing data
      8    1 = Universal or almost universal
     31    2 = Common, frequent, not uncommon
     11    3 = Moderate: a small minority of couples divorce
     10    4 = Frequent in first years of marriage and/or before
               children; rare thereafter
     25    5 = Rare, isolated instances, never

 745.  Grounds for Divorce (Male)

    105    . = Missing data
     54    1 = No grounds necessary for divorce; divorce equaly
               easy or difficult with out without justification
     17    2 = Grounds not absolutely necessary, but divorce is
               financially, legally and/or socially earlier with them
      7    3 = Divorce only with grounds
      3    4 = No divorce

 746.  Grounds for Divorce (Female)

    104    . = Missing data
     39    1 = No grounds necessary for divorce; divorce equally
               easy or difficult with or without justification
     30    2 = Grounds not absolutely necessary, but divorce is
               financially, legally and/or socially earier with them
      9    3 = Divorce only with grounds
      4    4 = No divorce

 747.  Honeymoon Customs

    134    . = Missing data
      6    1 = Couple goes off alone or is secluded for some period
      7    2 = Special schedules set up to allow couple to spend time
               together; e.g., coule given special dispensation to
               work together, visit or receive visitors together
     20    3 = Special schedules set up for newlyweds, but not
               necessarily for the purpose of allowing them time
               together, e.g., wife excused from housework, visitors
               received by spouses separately, wife secluded
     11    4 = No special arrangements for newlyweds
      8    5 = Newlyweds avoid each others, either by tradition or
               from shyness

 748.  Customs surrounding Consummation of Marriage

    120    . = Missing data
     21    1 = Socially recognized as a special occasion and couple
               granted privacy
      6    2 = Special occasion and private, but signal of consummation
               proof of potency, virginity awaited by others
      8    3 = Special occasion, others present
     31    4 = Not a special occasion

 749.  Living Arrangements for Newlyweds

     70    . = Missing data
     43    1 = Couple move into own house ideally or in reality
     12    2 = Couple move in with parents, but separate room or
               partitioned area is provided
     29    3 = Couple move in with parents for first year or so
               and then set up a separate household
     26    4 = Couple live permanently in extended family
               setting; no special arrangements for newlyweds
      5    5 = Couple live separated from each other for a period
               of time

 750.  (Distant) Sleeping Proximity between Husbands and Wives (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     76    . = Missing data
     43    1 = Same room and close proximity: e.g., same bed, same
               blanket, touching, back to back, adjacent sleeping
               places allocated to spouses
     15    2 = Same room but no close proximity: e.g., different
               beds, different hammocks, different sections of room
     45    3 = Same room, proximity unknown
      7    4 = Different rooms


 751.  (Low) Privacy in Sleeping for Husbands and Wives (VAR LABEL REVERSED)
       (Only if Husband and Wife sleep in Same Room)

     96    . = Missing data
      6    1 = Husband and wife sleep together alone or with infants
     13    2 = Husband and wife sleep with prepubescent children
      6    3 = Unmarried members of nuclear family sleep with
               husband and wife, but either sons or daughters
               sleep elsewhere after early childhood
     22    4 = All members of nuclear family below marriageable age
               sleep with husband and wife
     11    5 = Other adults occasionally sleep with husband and
               and wife; e.g., other adult dependents who are
               temporary members of the newlyweds household
     32    6 = Other adults permanently sleep with husband and wife

 752.  (No) Husband-Wife Eating Arrangements (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     76    . = Missing data
     71    1 = Husband and wife usually eat together
     11    2 = Husband and wife are together during meals; wife does
               not eat with husband, but serves him and/or converses
     28    3 = Husband and wife often, usually, or always eat apart

 753.  (No) Husband-Wife Leisure Time Activities (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     88    . = Missing data
      4    1 = Husband and wife usually spend leisure time together
               and at home, alone or with nuclear or extended
               family members
     21    2 = Husband and wife sometimes spend leisure time together
               at home, and sometimes together in a group (e.g., they
               go over or have visitors); same-sex activities may
               be present, but they are not salient
     21    3 = Husband and wife usually spend leisure time together,
               but group activities are emphasized: e.g., couple
               go to dances together, spend their time habitually
               in camp with others
     28    4 = Husband and wife sometimes spend leisure time
               together as a couple or in a group, but sex-
               segregated activities are also salient: e.g.,
               couple goes to dances, market together, but then
               join same-sex group
     24    5 = Husband and wife generally spend leisure time apart:
               same-sex activities prgdominate

 754.  Wife-Beating

    116    . = Missing data
     14    1 = Absent
     56    2 = Present


 755.  (No) Husband Attends Birth (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    118    . = Missing data
     11    1 = Husbands expected or allowed to attend the births
               of their children and usually do
      4    2 = No taboo against presence of husband at births
               but husbands often (?) or usually are absent
      4    3 = Husbands attend births only in emergencies
      8    4 = Husbands not allowed to attend births, but have
               specific tasks or roles associated with labor or
               delivery
     41    5 = Husbands not allowed to attend births and are
               explicitly barred from playing any role in labor
               or delivery



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds30.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
POLITICAL DECISION MAKING AND CONFLICT

Marc Ross, 1983. Political Decision Making and Conflict: Additional
     Cross-Cultural Codes and Scales. Ethnology 22: 169-192.

STDS30.DAT

 756.  (Low) Political Role Differentiation: Full Time Specialists and their
       Differentiation from Others in the Society (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     96    . = Missing data
     18    1 = Highly differentiated by wealth, special titles or life style
     10    2 = Moderately differentiated
     11    3 = Somewhat wealthier but share much of life style by age, gender
      7    4 = Same life style, may be older and have somewhat more prestige
     18    5 = Few exist but leadership roles present, wealthier than others
     15    6 = Few exist but leadership roles present, same life style (as #4)
     11    7 = None exist, no permanent leadership roles

 757.  Political and Religious Differentiation

    103    . = Missing data
     23    1 = Consider overlap between political and religious leaders
     30    2 = Some overlap
     30    3 = Distinct

 758.  Local Community Leadership Selection: Basis

     96    . = Missing data
     21    1 = Kinship; highly constrained
     25    2 = Kinship; broad choice within group
     31    3 = Non-hereditary, personal characteristics involved
     13    4 = Informal, shifts across situations

 759.  Perceptions of Political Leaders' Power as seen by Society

     96    . = Missing data
     24    1 = Very powerful
     29    2 = Somewhat powerful, often variable across leaders, situations
     37    3 = Limited

 760.  Perceptions of Political Leaders' Benevolence as seen by Society

    120    . = Missing data
     16    1 = Capricious and arbitrary, power used to further own interests
     13    2 = Neither particularly malevolent nor benevolent in
               use of power
     37    3 = Basically benevolent, working in interest of entire community

 761.  Checks on Leaders' Power

    100    . = Missing data
      5    1 = Few, or those which exist not invoked very often
     24    2 = Checks exist which seem to make leaders sensitive to populace
     38    3 = Leaders carefully secure substantial support before taking
               action
     19    4 = No leaders act independently lest their community backing lost

 762.  (No) Removal of Leaders who are incompetent or disliked (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    109    . = Missing data
     11    1 = No way other than rebellion or popular uprisings
     18    2 = Institutionalized means invoked occasionally, possibly by elites
     30    3 = Not removed in formal manner but lose influence and are ignored
     18    4 = No formal leadership, loss of power when support diminishes

 763.  (Low) Leaders' Exercise of Authority (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     99    . = Missing data
     24    1 = Frequently act independently and make authoritative decisions
     26    2 = Make relatively few decisions on own without consultation
     37    3 = Use persuasion to help organized and structure group action

 764.  (Few) Decision Making Bodies: How most decisions are made (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     98    . = Missing data
     23    1 = Individual(s), perhaps with advice of few advisors
     16    2 = Individual(s), working with an elite council
     14    3 = Individual(s), working with a broad based council
     19    4 = Broad based community council
     16    5 = Few explicit decisions, some made by community at large

 765.  (Low) Political Participation: Range of Community Decision Making, or extent
       to which community control is exercised over different areas of life
       through collective decision making, which may be of a formal or informal
       nature. (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     98    . = Missing data
     26    1 = Collective decisions impinge on many aspects of people's lives
     18    2 = Collective decisions impinge on a moderate number of areas
     25    3 = Collective decisions impinge on few aspects of people's lives
     19    4 = Minimal collective decisions which impinge on people's lives

 766.  (Low) Political Participation: Extensivity of Adult Participation in Areas
       where collective Decision Making present (VAR LABEL REVERSED) .

    102    . = Missing data
     13    1 = Widespread: decision making forums open to all adults and
               involvement is relatively great
     31    2 = High or some: widespread for some groups, but exclusion of
               others on the basis of gender, age, or kinship status
     24    3 = Moderate: some consultation present but low input from community
     16    4 = Low or non-existent: Leaders make most decisions and
               involvement of average person highly limited or absent

 767.  (No) Conflict (Social or Political) in the Local Community (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     96    . = Missing data
      4    1 = Endemic: a reality of daily existence (e.g., physical
               violence, feuding, bitter factionalism)
     20    2 = High: Conflict present but not a pervasive aspect of daily
               life
     46    3 = Moderate: Disagreements and differences do not result in high
               violence or severe disruption
     20    4 = Mild or rare

 768.  (No) Conflict between Communities of the Same Society (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     97    . = Missing data
     25    1 = Endemic: High physical violence, feuding, and/or raiding
               occur regularly
     23    2 = Moderately High, often involving physical violence
     21    3 = Moderate: Disputes may occur regularly but tendency to
               manage them in a more or less peaceful manner
     20    4 = Mild or rare

 769.  Conflict Management in Local Community: Dominant Mode

     98    . = Missing data
     31    1 = Conflicting parties encouraged to find a solution on their own
     27    2 = Conflicting parties easily draw new parties in but pressures
               for resolving disputes using informal mechanisms
     30    3 = Authorities often get involved and work to achieve a settlement

 770.  (No) Resort to Physical Force by Disputants in settling disputes, Exclusive
       of Police or institutionalized force, (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     96    . = Missing data
     34    1 = Often used
     32    2 = Sometimes used
     24    3 = Rarely or never used

 771.  (No) Mediation/Negotiation/Arbitration: Third parties in disputes, unable to
       impose a binding decision, but may facilitate settlement (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     98    . = Missing data
     57    1 = Often used (to settle disputes)
     19    2 = Sometimes used
     12    3 = Rarely or never used

 772.  (No) Litigation: Use of third parties offering binding decisions, with or
       without formal court systems (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     97    . = Missing data
     27    1 = Frequent involvement in litigation by society members
     21    2 = Occasional involvement
     41    3 = Rare or non-involvement


 773.  (No) Internal Warfare (Between communities of same society) (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     101   . = Missing data
      31   1 = Frequent, occurring at least yearly
      14   2 = Common, at least every five years
      10   3 = Occasional, at least every generation
      30   4 = Rare or never

 774.  (No) External Warfare (with other societies) (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     102   . = Missing data
      45   1 = Frequent, occurring at least yearly
      13   2 = Common, at least every five years
       6   3 = Occasional, at least every generation
      20   4 = Rare or never

 775.  (Low) Compliance of Individuals with Community Norms and Decisions (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    100    . = Missing data
     43    1 = High
     31    2 = Moderate
     12    3 = Highly Variable

 776.  (Few) Formal Sanctions and Enforcement for Community Decisions (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     96    . = Missing data
     23    1 = Great sanctioning power available
     32    2 = Some
     35    3 = Little or none

 777.  (No) Enforcement Specialists (VAR LABEL REVERSED) (e.g., Police, Tax Collectors)

     97    . = Missing data
     29    1 = Present
     21    2 = Not specialized but done by leaders who do other things as well
     39    3 = Absent, or carried out by social pressure of wider community

 778.  (Low) Loyalty to the Local Community (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    103    . = Missing data
     30    1 = Especially high
     33    2 = High
     14    3 = Moderate
      6    4 = Low

 779.  (Low) Loyalty to the Wider Society (in some cases indistinguishable from the
       local community) (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    102    . = Missing data
     11    1 = Especially high -- uniformly high across groups
     16    2 = High for the most part across groups in the society
     33    3 = Moderate -- some noticeable variation across groups in society
     24    4 = Low -- not terribly salient or rarely important as a concern

 780.  (Low) Hostility toward other Societies (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    112    . = Missing data
     28    1 = Extensive: bitter feelings toward almost all outsiders
     18    2 = High: bitter feelings toward outsiders, but not always
     17    3 = Moderate: sometimes bitter feelings, but much differentiation
     11    4 = Low: little hostility toward outsiders

 781.  (Un)Acceptability of Violence toward Members of the local Community (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    100    . = Missing data
           1 = Valued
      7    2 = Acceptable
     18    3 = Tolerated
     61    4 = Disapproved

 782.  (Un)Acceptability of Violence toward Members of the Same Society, but
       outside the Local Community (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    109    . = Missing data
     12    1 = Valued
     28    2 = Acceptable
     10    3 = Tolerated
     27    4 = Disapproved

 783.  (Un)Acceptability of Violence toward people in Other Societies (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    122    . = Missing data
     39    1 = Valued
     16    2 = Acceptable
      3    3 = Tolerated
      6    4 = Disapproved

 784.  (No) Taxation Paid to Community (e.g., in agricultural produce, labor,
       finished goods) (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    101    . = Missing data
     31    1 = Regular and non-negligible taxes to community
     20    2 = Only in special situations or Modest level
     34    3 = None

 785.  (No) Local Political Fission of Dissatisfied Persons (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    122    . = Missing data
     30    1 = Often move to another community following disputes
     20    2 = Sometimes move to another community following disputes
     14    3 = Rarely or never move to another community following disputes

 786.  Adult Mobility

    107    . = Missing data
     18    1 = Adults generally attached to particular communities
               throughout their lives, especially after marriage
     22    2 = Individuals occasionally move to new communities as adults
     39    3 = Movement between communities is quite common for adults

 787.  (Low) Contact with Other Societies (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     99    . = Missing data
     45    1 = Frequent, through trade, warfare, travel, etc.
     28    2 = Occasional but not often
     14    3 = Rare or never

 788.  Cross-Cutting Ties: extent to which individuals living in different
       communities of the same society linked together in politically relevant
       ways

     97    . = Missing data
     34    1 = No politically relevant links, formal organizations, or strong
               informal obligations which extend beyond the local community
     30    2 = Some politically relevant ties, but wider society divided
               into some discrete groups not linked through cross-cutting ties
     25    3 = Cross-cutting ties link individuals throughout the society,
               cutting across territorial groups in one or more ways

 789.  Type of Cross-Cutting ties: Age Organizations (Grades, Sets) Cutting
       across Communities

     97    . = Missing data
     78    1 = Absent
      5    2 = Present but not politically important
      6    3 = Present and political important

 790.  Type of Cross-Cutting ties:  Kinship Organizations cutting across
       Communities

     96    . = Missing data
     23    1 = Absent
     27    2 = Present but not politically important
     40    3 = Present and political important

 791.  Type of Cross-Cutting Ties: Moieties cutting across Communities

     97    . = Missing data
     76    1 = Absent
      8    2 = Present but not politically important
      5    3 = Present and political important

 792.  Types of Cross-Cutting Ties: Ritual Organizations (Religious, Cult
       Groups) cutting across Communities

     97    . = Missing data
     42    1 = Absent
     27    2 = Present but not politically important
     20    3 = Present and political important


 793.  (Low) Female Participation in Public Political Arenas, Relative to Males (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    106    . = Missing data
      8    1 = High: in some situations equal to or greater than that of men
     27    2 = Significant but not as high as male involvement
     19    3 = Not great but clearly some role for women in public aspects
               of political life
     26    4 = Women generally excluded from public aspects of politics

 794.  (Low) Female Participation in Private Political Arenas, Relative to Males (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    120    . = Missing data
     35    1 = High: in some situations equal to or greater than that of men
     15    2 = Significant but not as high as male involvement
     12    3 = Not great but clearly some role for women in private aspects of
               political life
      4    4 = Women do not seem to get involved in political life in
               private arenas

 795.  (Low) Gender differences in Political or Quasi-Political Positions of
       Authority (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    102    . = Missing data
      8    1 = Women and men eligible for some of the same positions and
               women commonly do so
     18    2 = Women and men eligible for some of the same positions and
               women occasionally do so
      7    3 = Women rarely, if ever, hold some of the same positions
               regardless of rules of eligibility
     51    4 = The same political positions are not open to both women and men

 796.  (No) Separate Female Organizations and Positions (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    117    . = Missing data
     22    1 = Some associations or organizations under exclusive control
               of women
     15    2 = No associations but some positions of authority for which
               only women are eligible
     32    3 = No associations or positions exclusively controlled by women

 797.  (Low) Coder Assessment of Data Quality (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     96    . = Missing data
     14    1 = Especially high -- judgments not difficult to make
     31    2 = Good -- some missing data, those available seemed good
     34    3 = Moderate but acceptable -- a good deal of inference sometimes
               required
     11    4 = Weak for certain variables with much missing data and only
               the most general descriptions for some domains



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds31.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
DATA QUALITY CONTROL VARIABLES FOR CHILD TRAINING

Ronald P. Rohner, D. Scott Berg, and Evelyn C. Rohner. 1982. Data
    Quality Control in the Standard Sample: Cross-Cultural Codes.
    Ethnology 21: 359-372.

STDS31.DAT

    The references used for coding the sample were derived from Barry
    and Paxson's (1971) research on infancy and childhood.

 798.  Date of Publication

      1   78 = 1780-89

      1   82 = 1820-29

      3   85 = 1850-59
          86 = 1860-69
      1   87 = 1870-79
      5   88 = 1880-89
      2   89 = 1890-99
      4   90 = 1900-09
      8   91 = 1910-19
     14   92 = 1920-29
     34   93 = 1930-39
     24   94 = 1940-49
     48   95 = 1950-59
     39   96 = 1960-69
      2   97 = 1970-79

 799.  Number of Pages in the Book

     38    0 = 0-99
     28    1 = 100-199
     38    2 = 200-299
     32    3 = 300-399
     21    4 = 400-499
     10    5 = 500-599
     11    6 = 600-699
      3    7 = 700-799
           8 = 800-899
           9 = 900-999
      1   10 = 1000-1099
          11 = 1100-1199
          12 = 1200-1299
      1   13 = 1300-1399
      2   14 = 1400-1499

 800.  Number of Pages Related to Child Training Practices

    130    0 = 0-9
     29    1 = 10-19
      8    2 = 20-29
      3    3 = 30-39
      3    4 = 40-49
      2    5 = 50-59
      4    6 = 60-69
      2    7 = 70-79
      3    8 = 80-89
           9 = 90-99
          10 = 100-109
          11 = 110-119
       1  12 = 120-129

       1  27 = 270-279


 801.  Proportion of Book Devoted to Child Training

               0 - 99%

 802.  Year Fieldwork Began

    113    . = missing data
      1   86 = 1860-69
          87 = 1870-79
      2   88 = 1880-89
      1   89 = 1890-99
      3   90 = 1900-09
      5   91 = 1910-19
     10   92 = 1920-29
     18   93 = 1930-39
     13   94 = 1940-49
     17   95 = 1950-59
      3   96 = 1960-69
          97 = 1970-79

 803.  Total Months of Fieldwork

    103    . = missing data
      7    2 =
      3    3 =
      3    4 =
      3    5 =
      4    6 =
      3    7 =
      2    8 =
      5    9 =
      6   10 =
      1   11 =
      7   12 =
      1   13 =
      2   14 =
      2   15 =
      1   16 =
          17 =
      4   18 =
     31   19 = nineteen and over (up to 99)

 804.  Age of Informants

    106    . = missing data
     66    1 = Adults
     14    2 = Children and Adults

 805.  Sex of Informants

    106    . = missing data
     39    1 = Males
      6    2 = Females
     35    3 = Both

 806.  Number of Informants

    105    . = missing data
     14    1 = 1
     31    2 = 2 or 3
     20    3 = 4 through 7
      2    4 = 8 through 10
     14    5 = 11 or more

 807.  Repeated Observation of Different Families' Socialization Practices

    122    . = missing data
      1    1 = No (but not distinguished from missing data)
     63    2 = Yes

       [Note: in this and the next three codes, missing data entries could not
       be clearly distinguished from cases where the verification efforts
       identified by the codes were not used.]

 808.  Use of Multiple Informants to collect data on Child Rearing

    118    . = missing data
      1    1 = No (but not distinguished from missing data)
     67    2 = Yes


 809.  Use of Tests (e.g., Rorschach, TAT, sentence completion, I.Q.)

    166    . = missing data
      1    1 = No (but not distinguished from missing data)
     19    2 = Yes

 810.  Other Verification Efforts

    178    . = missing data
      1    1 = No (but not distinguished from missing data)
      7    2 = Yes


 811.  Number of Verification Efforts

     90    . = missing data
      5    0 = none
     41    1
     36    2
      3    3
      5    4
      6    5 = 5 or more

 812.  Language Familiarity **(e.g., by ethnographers)

     97    . = missing data
     31    1 = Little or none
     35    2 = Some
     23    3 = Fluent

 813.  Community Involvement **(e.g., by ethnographers)

     95    . = missing data
     17    1 = Limited
     38    2 = Intermediate
     36    3 = Extensive



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds32.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOR REVISITED

Herbert Barry III and Alice Schlegel. 1982. Cross-Cultural Codes
     on Contributions by Women to Subsistence. Ethnology 21: 165-188.

STDS32.DAT Variables 814-826

     Percent Importance in Contribution to Subsistence and Trade Computed
     indirectly from variables 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 1.

                           0  5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
85+
                          == == == == == == == == == == == == == == == == == ==
 814.  Imptnc Agriculture 38 17     2  3  7  2 18 10 12    26 23 13  4  7  2  1
 815.  Imptnc Domes. Anim 50 66  3  4  9 35     3           4  8  1  1     1  1
 816.  Imptnc Fishing     30 78  2  5  8 39     1  5  3  2  3  1  3  4  2
 817.  Imptnc Hunting     25 85  2  3 11 36  2  2  7  4  2  1  1  1  1     1
 818.  Imptnc Gathering   20116  1  1 10 22  2  2  3  5  1        1     2
 819.  Imptnc Trade       65 80  2  1  7 29                 1     1

              814 815 816 817 818 819
       0 = %  38  50  30  25  20  65
       5 = %  17  66  78  85 116  80
      10 = %       3   2   2   1   2
      15 = %   2   4   5   3  11  11
      20 = %   3   9   8  11  10   7
      25 = %   7  35  39  36  22  29
      30 = %   2           2   2
      35 = %  18  13   1   2   2
      40 = %  10       5   7   3
      45 = %  12       3   4   5
      50 = %           2   2   1
      55 = %  26   4   3   1       1
      60 = %  23   8   1   1
      65 = %  13   1   3   1   1   1
      70 = %   4   1   4   1
      75 = %   7       2       2
      80 = %   2   1       1
      85 = %   1
      90 = %       1

 820.  Principal Subsistence Category

     10    1 = G Gathering
     16    2 = H Hunting
     23    3 = F Fishing
     18    4 = I Incipient Agriculture
     16    5 = D Domestic Animals
     46    6 = E Extensive Agriculture
     55    7 = N Intensive Agriculture
      2    8 = T Trade


       Percent Female Contribution to Subsistence Tasks

       Computed indirectly from the variables 108-112 (agriculture), 113-115
       (domestic animals), 101, 104, 107 (Fishing), 103, 105, 106 (Hunting),
       and 99, 100, 102 (Gathering)

 821.  Percent Female Contribution to Agriculture
 822.  Percent Female Contribution to Domestic Animals
 823.  Percent Female Contribution to Fishing
 824.  Percent Female Contribution to Hunting
 825.  Percent Female Contribution to Gathering
       . = Missing Data
       0 =  0%
       1 = 10%
       2 = 20%
       3 = 30%
       4 = 40%
       5 = 50%
       6 = 60%
       7 = 70%
       8 = 80%
       9 = 90%
      10 =100%

                          .   0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 = 100%
                          ==  == == == == == == == == == == ==
         Agriculture      44  16 15 18 19 23 17 17  8  7  1  1
         Domestic Animals 72  29  7 12  8  1 18  7 10  4    18
         Fishing          46  65 12 28 10  9  5  3  5  2     1
         Hunting          28 138  8  2  2 *
         Gathering        49  14  2  8 10  6 23  9 24  3    38

         Note: raw percentages for hunting as follows
         138    0 = % dependence
           4    5 = %
           4    8 = %
           2   10 = %
           1   13 = %
           4   15 = %
           1   17 = %
           1   20 = %
           1   25 = %
           2   33 = %

 826.  Average Female Contribution to Subsistence

           *   Percentages, computed from weighted sum of variables:

           *   814x821 + 815x822 + 816x823 + 817x824 + 818x825
           *   -----------------------------------------------
           *                 100 - 819

       This differs from Barry's calculations by at most 1%.   Two additional
       societies are coded with 50% or more trade dependence.


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds33.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
ADOLESCENT SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

Herbert Barry, III, and Alice Schlegel. 1984. Measurements of
    Adolescent Sexual Behavior in the Standard Sample of Societies.
    Ethnology 23: 315-332.

STDS33.DAT Variables 827-832

 827.  Sexual Expression in Adolescent Boys and Girls:
 828.  Sexual Expression in Adolescent Boys and Girls:

    Encouragement of sexual behavior, taking into account its frequency,
    emotional intensity, importance, and variety (including range of
    partners) in adolescence.  Heterosexual intercourse is the principal
    criterion, but heterosexual foreplay, masturbation, homosexuality,
    sexual jokes, and exposing the genitals were also considered.

    Heterosexual intercourse and other forms of sexual expression are:
                                                                   Boys   Girls
       . = missing data                                         32     28
       0                                                         0      1
       1                                                         9     23
       2 = Not approved or admired by parents or authorities    27     37
           Mild forms (e.g.  sexual jokes) sometimes approved.
       3                                                         5      3
       4                                                        12     10
       5 = Normally and generally approved [by parents, etc.]   33     31
           Moderate frequency, intensity, importance, variety
       6                                                        15      9
       7                                                         7      7
       8 = Strongly approved and valued [by parents, etc.]      44     34
           High frequency, variety of sexual behavior admired.
       9                                                         2      3
      10                                                         0      0

 829.  Sexual Nonrestraint in Adolescent Boys and Girls:
 830.  Sexual Nonrestraint in Adolescent Boys and Girls:
    The absence of sexual restraints such as taboos or restrictions on
    heterosexual intercourse and other erotic behavior, including
    heterosexual play, masturbation, and homosexuality.   A high degree of
    modesty, such as the requirement to keep the genitals constantly covered
    in public, indicates moderate restraint.   Incest taboos, if highly
    emphasized or widely extended, are considered as indicators of
    restraint.

    Heterosexual intercourse and others forms of sexual expression are:
                                                               Boys   Girls
       .                                                        31     27
       0                                                         0      1
       1                                                         4      7
       2 = Strictly and effectively prohibited                  21     36
       3                                                         7     10
       4                                                        10      9
       5 = Disapproved and punished mildly and inconsistent     30     32
       6                                                        13      9
       7                                                         5      3
       8 = Condoned and not generally punished                  45     37
       9                                                        20     15
      10                                                         0      0

    Note: SN = SE + 1 more or less.   The authors indicate the advisability
    of using the sum of the two scores as a "Sexual Freedom" index.

    "Sexual Nonrestraint" variables for boys and girls in early and late
    childhood are formed by the following recodings of variables 326-329:

     0 = 11 on variables 326-329
     1 = 10
     2 =  9
     3 =  8   Note: Var. 326 = Early, boys
     4 =  7              327 = Early, girls
     5 =  6
     6 =  5
     7 =  4         Var. 328 = Late, boys
     8 =  3              329 = Late, girls
     9 =  2
    10 =  1

 831.  Differentiation of Adolescence from Childhood for Boys, Girls:
 832.  Differentiation of Adolescence from Childhood for Boys, Girls:

    These variables were recoded on a three point scale, collapsed from a 0-
    10 rating.  No cases of 0-1 or 9-10 ratings were reported.

    Differentiation of adolescent from preadolescent activities, status, and
    all other attributes of behavior and self-concept: (codesheet
    definition)
                                                             Boys   Girls
       .                                                       20     22
       1 = (2)Low, mostly the same, no formal transition       48     62
              Frequent companionship between the two stages
           (3)
           (4)
       2 = (5)Substantial, but inconsistent, not formalized,   57     59
                or companionship only for some activities
           (6)
           (7)
       3 = (8)High, with formal transition                     61     43
              Infrequent companionship with younger children.



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds34.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
STANDARD CROSS-CULTURAL SAMPLE

George P. Murdock and Douglas R. White. 1969. Standard Cross-Cultural
    Sample. Ethnology 8: 329-369. Cross-Cultural Codes in Barry and Schlegel 1980 0.

STDS34.DAT Variables 833-850

   0.  Latitude in degrees

           - = Southern
           + = Northern

   0.  Longitude in degrees

           + = Eastern
           - = Western

 833.  Subsistence Economy: Dominant Mode

           . = Missing data
           8 = Hunting
           7 = Gathering
           6 = Fishing
           5 = Exchange
           4 = Domestic Animals
           3 = Simple or Shifting Cultivation
           2 = Horticulture
           1 = Advanced Agriculture

 834.  Subsistence Economy: Subsidiary Mode

           . = Missing data
           8 = Hunting
           7 = Gathering
           6 = Fishing
           5 = Exchange
           4 = Domestic Animals
           3 = Simple or Shifting Cultivation
           2 = Horticulture
           1 = Advanced Agriculture

 835.  Political Integration

           . = Missing data
           1 = Independent local communities
           2 = Single level of political integration
           3 = Two levels of supra-community integration
           4 = Three or more levels of supra-community integration

 836.  Rule of Descent: Primary

    . = Missing data
    1 = Matrilineal, with non-avunculocal residence
    2 = Matrilineal, with predominantly avunculocal residence
    9 = Matrilineal, predominantly avunculocal residence, with
        Patrilineal secondary
    3 = Nonlineal or bilateral, i.e., without lineages though
        often with personal kindreds
    4 = Ambilineal, e.g., with nonunilineal ramages
    5 = Quasi-Patrilineal, incipient or decadent patrilineages
    6 = Patrilineal
    8 = Patrilineal, with Matrilineal secondary

           1 = Matrilineal, with non-avunculocal residence
           2 = Matrilineal, with predominantly avunculocal residence
           9 = Matrilineal, predominantly avunculocal residence, with
               Patrilineal secondary
           3 = Nonlineal or bilateral, i.e., without lineages though
               often with personal kindreds
           6 = Ambilineal, e.g., with nonunilineal ramages
           7 = Quasi-Patrilineal, incipient or decadent patrilineages
           8 = Patrilineal, with Matrilineal secondary
           4 = Patrilineal

               [Note: 8 and 9 have secondary principle]

 837.  Adequacy of HRAF File

           . = No File
    1 = Inadequate
    2 = Useful
    3 = Satisfactory
           3 = Inadequate
           2 = Useful
           1 = Satisfactory

 838.  Pinpointing Date
               by Year: Two dates should be negative BCE, 44_Hebrews -621, 45_Babylonians -1750

 839.  Pinpointing Date

 840.  Outline of World Cultures Region Code (Murdock 1975)

       A   1 = Asia
       E   2 = Europe
       F   3 = Africa
       M   4 = Middle East
       N   5 = North America
       O   6 = Oceania
       R   7 = Russia
       S   8 = South America


 841.  Outline of World Cultures Country Code (Murdock 1975)

           A-Z Subdivisions of the Above coded as numbers 1-26

 842.  Outline of World Cultures Ethnic Group Code (Murdock 1975)

           1-99 Subdivisions of the Above

 843.  Ethnographic Atlas Region Code (Murdock 1962)

       A   1 = Asia
       C   2 = Circum-Mediterranean
       E   3 = East Eurasia
       I   4 = Insular Pacific
       N   5 = North America
       S   6 = South America

 844.  Ethnographic Atlas Sub-Region Code (Murdock 1962)

           a-z Subdivisions of the Above coded as numbers 1-26

 845.  Ethnographic Atlas Societal Code (Murdock 1962)

           1-99 Subdivisions of the Above

 846.  Ethnographic Atlas Sequence Number (Murdock 1962) part 1

 847.  Ethnographic Atlas Sequence Number (Murdock 1962) part 2

 848.  Atlas of World Cultures Region Code (Murdock 1981)

               Same as 844

 849.  Atlas of World Cultures Sub-Region Code (Murdock 1981)

           01-25 Subdivisions of the Above

 850.  Atlas of World Cultures Societal Code (Murdock 1981)

           a-z Subdivisions of the Above coded as numbers 1-26



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds35.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
LANGUAGE PHYLUM AND FAMILY MEMBERSHIP

Michael L. Burton, Douglas R. White, John W. M. Whiting John Sodergren,
    Cecil Brown.  New Codes, revised from the Ethnographic Atlas.

STDS35.DAT Variables 851-853

 851.  Language Continent ----------------------------------+
           0 = African - Mideastern
           1 = East Asian
           2 = North Eurasian
           3 = North American
           4 = South American

 852.  Language Phylum ----------------------+              |
 853.  Language Family                       |              |
        |                                    |              |
        v                                    v              |
        FAMILY                              PHYLUM          | REGION
                                 ATLAS       |              v
        |                        CODE        v              0 Africa-Arabia
        v                                   01 Khoisan
      011   SOUTHERN                KH
      012   NORTHERN                KH
                                             02 Niger-Kordofanian
      021   ATLANTIC                NCA
      022   BANTOID                 NCB
      023   EASTERN                 NCE
      024   GUR OR VOLTAIC          NCG
      025   IJO (IJAW)              NCI
      026   KWA                     NCK
      027   MANDE                   NCM
      028   KORDOFANIAN             KO
                                             03 Nilo-Saharan
      031   CENTRAL                 CNC
      032   EASTERN                 CNE
      033   KUNAMAN                 CNK
      034   NUBIAN                  CNN
      035   SONGHAI                 XX
      036   FUR                     XX
      037   SAHARAN                 KA
      038   KOMAM                   KM
                                             04 Afro-Asiatic
      041   BERBER                  AAB
      042   CUSHITIC                AAC
      043   CHADIC                  AAD
      044   EGYPTIAN                AAE
      045   SEMITIC                 AAS

      051   ZERMA                   XX       05 Zerma
                                                              1 SE Asia,
Oceanea
                                             11 Sino-Tibetan
      111   TIBETO-BURMAN           TB-
      112   SINITIC                 SI-
                                             12 Dravidian
      121   NORTH                   DR-
      122   CENTRAL                 DR-
      123   SOUTH                   DR-
                                             13 Mon-Khmer
      131   KHMER                   MKC
      132   NICOBARESE              MKK
      133   MUNDA                   MKM
     ?134   SEMANG-SAKAI            MKS
     ?135   ANNAMESE                AM
                                             14 Indo-Pacific
      141                           XY
      142   WEST PAPUAN             MP-
      143   CENTRAL PAPUAN          PA-
      144   BOUGAINVILLE            MP-
     ?145   TASMANIAN               AU-
                                             16 Australian
      161   AUSTRALIAN              AU
                                             17 Austronesian
      171   INDONESIAN AUSTRONESIAN MP-
      172   NORTHWEST AUSTRONESIAN  MP-
      173   OCEANIC                 MP-
      174   FORMOSAN                MP-
      176   MOLUCCAN                MP-
                                             18 Thai-Kadai
      181   THAI                    TK-
      182                           TK-
                                             1. Isolated Families
      1..   ANDAMANESE
                                                              2 Europe, N.
Asia
                                             22 Indo-European
      221   ALBANIAN                IEA
      222   BALTIC                  IEB
      223   CELTIC                  IEC
      224   GERMANIC                IEG
      225   HELLENIC                IEH
      226   ARMENIAN                IEM
      227   INDO-IRANIAN            IEP,I
      228   ROMANCE                 IER
            SLAVIC                  IES ???
                                             23 Caucasian
      231   NORTHWEST CAUCASIAN     AK
      232   NORTH CENTRAL CAUCASIAN CL
      233   NORTHEAST CAUCASIAN     GR
                                             24 Uralic
      241   FINNO-UGRIC             UR
      242   SAMOYED                 UR
                                             25 Altaic
      251   TUNGUSIC                ALG
      252   MONGOLIAN               ALM
      253   TURKIC                  ALT
      244   JAPANESEOREAN           JR
      245   KOREAN                  XX
     ?      RYUKUAN
                                             27 Siberian Isolates
      271   GILYAK                  XX
      272   CHUCKCHEE-KAMCHATKA     LU
      273   YUKAGHIR                XX
      274   YENISEAN                XX
                                             28 Miao-Yao
      281   MIAO                    MY
                                             2. Isolated Families
      2..   BASQUE                  XX
      2..   AINU                    XX
      2..   BURUSHO                 XX
                                                              3 N.  America
                                             31 Eskimo-Aleutian
      311   ESKIMOAN                ES
      312   ALEUTIAN                XX
                                             32 NaDene
      321   N.  ATHABASCAN           ATN
      322   S.  ATHABASCAN           ATS
      323   PACIFIC  "              ATP
      324   EYAK                    XX
      325   TLINGIT                 ATT
                                             33 Wakashan
      331   WAKASHAN                WA
                                             34 Penutian
      341   PENUTIAN                PE
             COSTANOAN              PEC
             MAIDU                  PEM
             MIWOK                  PEN
             WINTUN                 PEW
             YOKUTS                 PEY
      342   OREGON PENUTIAN         OP
             CHINOOKAN              OPC
             KALAPOONIAN            OPK
             TAKELMAN               OPT
      343   SAHAPTIN                SH
             LUTUAMIAN              SHL
             SAHAPTIAN              SHS
             WAILLARPUAN            SHW
      344   TSIMSIAN-YAKONAN        YA
      345   GULF PENUTIAN
             NATCHEZ-MUSKOGAN       NM
             TUNICAN                TN
             YUKIAN                 YU
                                             35 Salishan
      344   SALISHAN                SA
                                             36 Macro-Algonkian
      361   ALGONKIAN               AG
      362   RITWAN                  RI
     ?      CHEMAKUAN               CM
                                             38 Macro-Siouan
      381   SIOUAN                  SX
      382   CADDOAN                 CD
      383   IROQUOIS                IR
     ?38.   YUCHI                   XX
     ?38.   KERESAN                 KR
                                             39 Macro-Hokan
     ?      HOKAN                   HO
             CHIMARIKAN             HOC
             ESSELENIAN             HOE
             KAROK                  HOK
      394    POMO                   HOP
             SHASTAN                HOS
      399    YUMAN                  HPY
             YANAN                  HOZ
     ?      OTHER SUBFAMILIES
             COAHUILTECAN
             CHUMASH
             JICAQUE
             KARANKAWA
             SALINA
             SERI
             SUPANEC
             TEQUISTLALEC
             TONKAWA
             WASHO
                                             30 Uto-Aztecan
      301   AZTECAN                 NA
     ?302   SONORAN                 PI,TC
     ?      TARACAHITIAN            TC
      303   SHOSHONEAN              SS
                                             3? Kiowa-Tanoan
     ?3?1   KIOWAN                  XY
     ?3?2   TANOAN                  TA

                                             3. Isolated Families
      3..   ZUNI                    XX
                                                              4 C.  &amp; S.
America
                                             40 Mayan
      401   MAYAN                   MA
     ?402   MIZOCUAVEAN             MZ
                                             41 Mesoamerican
      411   OTO-MANGUEAN            OM
      412   MIXE-ZOQUE              MI
     ?      ZAPOTECAN               ZA
                                             42 Macro-Carib
      421   CARIBAN                 CA
     ?422   PEBAN                   PB
     ?      CHOCO
     ?423   WITOTAN                 WI
                                             43 Macro-Chibchan
      431   CHIBCHAN                CH
      432   MISUMALPAN              MS
      433   PAEZAN                  XX
      434   YANOMAMAN               XX
      435   WARRAUAN                XX
     ?      YUNGA-PURUHAN
                                             44 Ge-Panoan
      441   GE                      GE
             BORORAN                BO
             CAINGANG               CG
      442   GUAYCURAN               GU
             MATACO-MAGUAY          MM
             CHIQUITOAN             CQ
      443   MASCOIAN                MN
      444   PANOAN                  PN
      445   BOTOCUDO                XX
     ?      ZAMUCOAN                ZM
     ?      KATUKINIAN              KK
     ?      CAHUAPANIAN             CP
                                             45 Equitorial
      451   TUPI-GUARANI            TG
      452   JIVAROAN                XX
      453   TUCANOAN                BE
      454   ARAWAKAN                AR
             TACANA
             TUCUNA                 TU
      455   TIMOTE
     ?      ZAPAROAN                ZP
     ?        PUINAVEAN             PU
                                             46 Andean
      471   ARAUCANIAN              AC
      472   YAHGAN
      473   TEHUELCHEAN             TH
      474   QUECHUAN                KE - related to Hokan? see Steward 6:197




	<a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds36.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
CLIMATE AND SUBSISTENCE

Douglas R. White, John W. M. Whiting, and Michael L. Burton. 1986.
    New Codes.

STDS36.DAT Variables 854-859

 854. Niche Temperature (Approximate) Adapted from William Goode, World Atlas

    129    1 = Very hot                 Af Am  Aw  Caf  Caw  BSh       BWh
      9    2 = Hot                                <caf> Caw  Hh&lt;&gt; BWn  Bw
     13    3 = Warm                                Cs b Cbw  Hk   BWk
     14    4 = Mild                                Cb f Cc   BSk
      3    5 = Cool                                     Daf  Daw
      4    6 = Cold                                     Dbf <dbw>
     11    7 = Very cold                                Dcf  Dcw
      3    8 = Polar                                              ET
                             &lt;   &gt; coded as category but fall in this range

 855.  Niche Rainfall (Approximate)  Adapted from William Goode, World Atlas
               (see categories above)  1    2    3    4    5    6    7
     49    1 = Tropical rainforest
     36    2 = Very wet
     24    3 = Wet
     20    4 = Moderately wet
     35    5 = Dry
      3    6 = Very dry
     19    7 = Desert

 856.  Niches  Adapted from William Goode, World Atlas

          # Temperature (1 = Hot)                         Goode Atlas
           # Rainfall (1 = Wet)                                 Code
                                                                     Total
          11 Tropical Rain Forest                               Af Am  49
      4     1 Congo
      1     2 Gold Coast
            3 Madagascar
      1     4 India
            5 Ceylon
      1     6 Burma, Siam, Malaysia
            7 Cambodia
            8 Vietnam
            9 Hainan
     31    10 Insular Pacific
           11 Australian Cairns Area (N.E.)
      1    12 Brazilian S.E. Coast
      5    13 Amazon Basin
      4    14 Ecuadorian &amp; Colombian W. Coast, C. American E. Coast
      1    15 Dominican Republic &amp; Antilles

          12 Tropical Savannah                                  Aw       36
     10     1 C. Africa
      5     2 Sudan
            3 Madagascar
      2     4 India
            5 Ceylon
      5     6 S.E. Asia (Thailand, Cambodia)
      2     7 Bali &amp; Lesser Sundas
      1     8 Australia
      7     9 Brazil
      2    10 Venezuela
      1    11 S. W. Mexico and Veracruz
           12 Yucatan
      1    13 Caribbean


          13 Continental Forest                                 Caf      9
            1 Durban
            2 North Italy
            3 Hungary
      1     4 Yangtzi
      1     5 Taiwan
      1     6 S. Korea
      1     7 S. Japan
            8 Taiwan
            9 S.E. Australian Coast
      3    10 Argentina
      2    11 S.E. U.S.

          14 Benares Type (Summer Rain Winter Drought)          Caw      4
      4     1 North India - Burma
            2 N.E. Coast of Australia

          15 Tropical Steppe                                    BSh     13
            1 Barotseland
      8     2 Sudan
      1     3 Moroccan
      1     4 S. W. Arabia
      1     5 Iran - Afghanistan - Pakistan
            6 India
            7 Australia
            8 Brazil - Recife area
      1     9 Venezuela - Caracas area
      1    10 Central &amp; Northern Mexican and Southern U.S. Plains

          17 Tropical Desert                                    BWh     18
      2     1 Kalahari
      1     2 Somali - Kenya
      8     3 Sahara
            4 Arabia
            5 Dashte Kavir (Iran)
      1     6 Baluchistan - Indus
      1     7 C. Australia
      4     8 Southwest U.S.
      1     9 Great Basin

          25 Equitorial Highlands                               Hh       8
      1     1 E. Africa
      4     2 Ethiopia
            3 Borneo
            4 New Guinea
            5 N. Andes
      1     6 C. America
      2     7 Meso-America

          26 Coastal Desert                                     BWn
            1 S.W. Africa
            2 S. American W. Coast

      127   a Patagonian Desert                                 BW       1

          33 Mediterranean                                      Cs, Cs   7
            1 Capetown
      3     2 Mediterranean
            3 S. Australia
      1     4 Chile N. Coast
      3     5 California

          34 a Transvaal                                        Cbw

          35 Temperate Highlands                                Hh       6
      2     1 Mongolia
            2 Alps
      1     3 Caucasus
      2     4 S. Andes
      1     5 Rockies

          36 Mid Latitude Desert                                BWk
            1 Gobi Desert
            2 Aral Sea Deserts

          43 Moderate Marine Forest                             Cb       8
            1 S. Africa - Port Elizabeth                        Cbf
      2     2 N.W. Europe (incl. England &amp; Ireland)
            3 S.E. Australia
            4 Tasmania
      1     5 New Zealand
            6 S. Chile
      1     7 Parana (Sao Paolo)
      4     8 N.W. Coast

      1   44 Tierra del Fuego                                   Cc       1

          45 Middle Latitude Steppe                             BSk      5
      2     1 Anatolia
      2     2 Central Asian
            3 Andean
      1     4 Williston

          54 Humid Warm Continental                             Daf      3
            1 Romania
            2 N. Japan
            3 N. China (Huan River)
      3     4 U.S. Midlands
          55 Humid - Warm Summer Continental                    Daw
            1 N. China (Liao River)

          64 Humid Cool Continental                             Dbf      4
      1     1 Russia
      1     2 Hokkaido
      2     3 Great Lakes

          74 Subarctic Taiga (humid all year)                   Dcf      8
      1     1 Scandinavia - N. Russia
            2 Kamchatka
      7     3 Canada

          75 Subarctic (humid summer)                           Dcw      3
      3     1 Siberia                                           Ddw

          86 Tundra                                             ET       3
      2     1 Old World Circumpolar
      1     2 New World Circumpolar

 857.  Climate Type - Ordered in terms of Open Access to Rich Ecological
       Resources      D. White and M. Burton l986

      6    1 = Polar
     38    2 = Desert or cold steppe
     50    3 = Tropical rainforest
     39    4 = Moist temperate
     45    5 = Tropical savanna
      8    6 = Tropical highlands

 858.  Subsistence Type - Ecological Classification
       D. White, 1984, after Karen and Jeffrey Paige (l981)

               FORAGERS: 80% or more dependence on food collection
      9    1 = Gathering
      9    2 = Hunting and/or Marine Animals
     12    3 = Fishing
      8    4 = Anadromous Fishing (spawning fish such as Salmon)

               DOMESTICATED ANIMALS: Pastoralism &gt;33% or Mounted Hunting
      5    5 = Mounted Hunting
     18    6 = Pastoralism

               SHIFTING CULTIVATION: new field cleared annually, cultivated
               for a year or two, then allowed to revert to forest
     33    7 = Shifting Cultivation, with digging sticks or wooden hoes
     19    8 = Shifting Cultivation, with metal hoes

               HORTICULTURE: semi-intensive agriculture limited mainly to
               vegetal gardens or groves of fruit trees rather than field crops
     18    9 = Horticultural Gardens or Tree Fruits
      0   10 = Advanced Horticulture, with metal hoes

               INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE: permanent fields or short fallow and
               long period of use of fields, with fertilization by
               compost, animal manure, crop rotation, or other
     23   11 = Intensive Agriculture, with no plow
     32   12 = Intensive Agriculture, with plow

 859.  Resource Base - Reclassification of above, as per Paige and Paige

           . = Missing data
               LOW RESOURCES
      9    1 =  (2) Hunting and/or Marine Animals
      9    2 =  (1) Gathering
     12    3 =  (3) Fishing
               UNSTABLE RESOURCES
      5    4 =  (5) Mounted Hunting
     33    5 =  (7) Shifting Cultivation, with digging sticks or wooden hoes
      8    6 =  (4) Anadromous Fishing
     18    7 =  (9) Horticultural Gardens or Tree Fruits
     23    8 = (11) Intensive Agriculture, with no plow
               HIGH RESOURCES
      0    9 = (10) Advanced Horticulture, with metal hoes
     19   10 =  (8) Shifting Cultivation, with metal hoes
     18   11 =  (6) Pastoralism
     32   12 = (12) Intensive Agriculture, with plow


 000.  Mourning Behavior by Gender - from Variables 27-30, Rosenblatt,
       Scaled from low to high male emotionality

       Note: this variable out of sequence (variable 0 of 01N.DAT file)

    128    . = Missing data
      1    0 = No mourning
     31    1 = Women cry more than men, and if any self-mutilation,
               women self-mutilate, not men
      2    2 = Men self-mutilate more than women, crying equal
      1    3 = Men self-mutilate more than women, and show more
               aggression, crying equal
      2    4 = Men show more aggression than women, but women cry more
     20    5 = Equal self-mutilation, if any, and equal crying
      1    6 = Men show more aggression but not more self-mutilation,
               and equal crying



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds37.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
    POLYGYNY: FORM AND FREQUENCY
    Douglas R. White. 1988. Rethinking Polygyny: Co-Wives, Codes, and Cultural Systems. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 29:529-559.
    (project begun in collaboration with Michael L. Burton, and John W. M. Whiting).

    STDS37.DAT Variables 860-878

 860.  Cultural Basis of Polygyny

      3    . = Missing data
     27    1 = Monogamy prescribed
     32    2 = Monogamy preferred, but exceptional cases of polygyny
     45    3 = Polygyny preferred by individual men with leadership attributes
               (chiefs, medicine men, outstanding hunters)
     33    4 = Polygyny preferred by men of a higher social class: men of
               wealth, rank, nobility, etc.
     46    5 = Polygyny preferred by most men, and attained by most men of
               sufficient years or wealth to obtain wives.   Thus: (a)
               older men usually have more wives; (b) polygyny is
               generally based on the accumulation of wealth; and (c)
               extra wives are an economic asset in terms of labor.

 861.  Standard Polygamy Code: Whyte, Murdock and Wilson, Murdock Atlas

     10    . = Missing data
      2    0 = Polyandry
     27    1 = Monogamy prescribed
     33    2 = Monogamy preferred, but exceptional cases of polygyny
     54    3 = Limited polygyny &lt; 20% of married males
     60    4 = Full polygyny 20% or more of married males

 862.  Sororal Polygyny
       NOTE: There is sufficient information for an exclusively non-sororal
       category, see especially Murdock's Africa (1959). Probably also
       sufficient for sororal preferred but not predominant.

     24    . = Missing data
     25    1 = No polygyny (M)
     93    2 = Non-sororal polygyny predominant (Atlas PQ) (sororal may or may
               not be permitted)
     35    3 = Sororal or marriage to wife's kin predominant (Atlas RS)
      9    4 = Sororal or secondary marriage to wife's kin only

 863.  Distance between Co-Wives

     32    . = Missing data
      1    0 = One wife, multiple husbands
     25    1 = One wife (Atlas M)
     59    2 = Co-residence for multiple wives (Atlas PR)
     25    3 = One wife resides with husband, others in separate houses
     12    4 = One wife resides with husband, others in separate communities
     30    5 = Separate housing in compound for every wife (Atlas QS)
      2    6 = Separate housing in village for every wife [as might occur,
               for example, with men's houses, e.g., Otoro - check]

 864.  Rooming Arrangement for Wives

      6    . = Missing data
    130    1 = Wife sleeps in same room with husband
     50    2 = Wife sleeps in room apart from husband's room, including
               cases of men's dormitories or 30% or more polygynously
               married women if co-wives sleep apart (e.g., Trobriand
               chiefs' wives constitute circa 39% of the married women)

 865.  Rooming Arrangement for Husband

      7    . = Missing data
    141    1 = Husband has no room apart (dominant pattern, e.g., for
               Trobriand commoners)
     38    2 = Husband has a room apart, even if rotates among wives

 866.  Higher rates of polygyny for men of wealth, rank, nobility, or higher
       social class.

           * = merge 1-3: incomplete coding for categories 1,2
      33   . = Missing data
      63   0 = No Stratified polygyny
      10   1 = Hereditary upper social class (note: incompletely coded)
       9   2 = Achieved rank connected with groups (note: incompletely coded)
      71   3 = Achieved wealth - due to contributions of wives

 867.  Multiple wives for skilled hunters

           * = merge 1-3: incomplete coding for categories 2,3
      25   . = Missing data
     135   0 = No, or unimportant
      22   1 = exceptional skill in hunting
       2   2 = exceptional skill in cultivation
       2   3 = exceptional skill in pastoralism (herding)

 868.  Multiple wives for Leaders, Headmen, Chiefs

      26   . = Missing data
      95   0 = No, or unimportant
      65   1 = Yes, or Leaders have more wives than commoners

 869.  Multiple wives for Medicine Men or Shamans
       NOTE: sometimes coded 0 for General polygyny although magicians also
       polygynous - unclear whether higher polygyny level should be required in
       this instance for this code

      26   . = Missing data
     140   0 = No, or unimportant
      20   1 = Yes

 870.  Additional wives or concubines from Slavery or Capture in Warfare
       NOTE: It is often difficult to distinguish secondary wives taken
       as slave concubines, or marriage to freed slaves, and wives taken
       from capture in warfare, as slavery areas often capture slaves

      28   . = Missing data
      92   0 = No female captives
       8   1 = Women taken as captives but not married
      58   2 = Captives in war or slaves taken as wives or concubines

 871.  Percentage of Married Men with More than One Wife

      39   . = Missing data
     147     = Percentage given

 872.  Percentage of Married Women Polygynously Married
         (share husband with one or more co-wives)

      41   . = Missing data
     145     = Percentage given

 873.  Reliability of Data for Percentage Polygynously Married

      39   . = Missing data
      87   1 = Direct percentages: good quantitative data
      13   2 = Direct percentages for male polygyny, female polygyny
               estimated for minimum of two wives per man, where if
                    P = % men married polygynously
               then Q = 2P / 100+P is the % women married polygynously
       3   3 = percentage female polygyny estimated from ratios of men
               with different numbers of wives, provided by ethnographer
       2   4 = lower of two or more censuses used, or estimates where
               there is some other reason to believe that true percentages
               are higher for both males and females
      23   5 = estimates from 0 to 5% male polygyny inferred from
               statements about limited polygyny; these are doubled for
               female percentages (a minimal estimate)
      19   6 = uncertain coding

 874.  Polygyny Data Source

      46   . = Missing data
      55   1 = Sample of over 100 married men
      29   2 = Sample of less than 100 married men, but of an entire settlement
      48   3 = Estimate from Ethnographer Statements
       8   4 = Estimate by Inference from Ethnographer Statements

 875.  Date for Polygyny Code

     62    . = Missing data
      1   11 = 110 AD
      1   29 = 1290-99
      1   55 = 1550-59
      1   63 = 1630-39
      2   75 = 1675-79
      1   82 = 1820-29
      1   83 = 1830-39
      2   84 = 1840-49
      5   85 = 1850-59
      4   86 = 1860-69
      4   87 = 1870-79
      3   88 = 1880-89
      8   89 = 1890-99
      4   90 = 1900-09
      6   91 = 1910-19
     14   92 = 1920-29
     25   93 = 1930-39
     20   94 = 1940-49
     --   95 = 1950-59
     --   96 = 1960-69
      -   97 = 1970-79

 876.  Polygyny Distributions

    129    . = Missing data
     27    0 = True Binomial
     30    1 = Negative Binomial

 877.  Polygyny Guttman Scale I: "Co-Wife Autonomy" constructed from 854-852

      7    . = Missing data
     70    0 = None of the following
     50    1 = Stratified Polygyny (854) only
      5    2 = Negative binomial (855), plus above
     14    3 = Marriage of female captives (858), plus above
      6    4 = General polygyny (849), plus above
      8    5 = Rooming apart (853), plus above
     26    6 = Polygynous compounds (852), plus above

 878.  Polygyny Guttman Scale II: "Charismatic" constructed from 851-855

      3    . = Missing data
     38    0 = None of the following
     80    1 = Rooming together (853) only
     27    2 = Co-Wives same dwelling (852), plus above
     24    3 = Sororal (851), plus above
      8    4 = Polygynous hunters (855), plus above
      6    5 = Exclusive sororal polygyny (851), plus above



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds38.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
MAGICO-RELIGIOUS PRACTITIONERS

Michael J. Winkelman and Douglas R. White. 1986. Cross Cultural Study of Magico-Religious Practitioners: Database.
World Cultures 2(3).

STDS38.DAT Variables 879-884

    Samples every 4th society in the Standard Sample (1, 5, 9, ...), but
    societies 9 and 185 have insufficient data to code; 2 added

 879.  Shaman

    139    . = Not Coded or Insufficient Data
     34    0 = Absent
     13    1 = Present

 880.  Shaman/Healer

    139    . = Not Coded or Insufficient Data
     36    0 = Absent
     11    1 = Present

 881.  Healer

    139    . = Not Coded or Insufficient Data
     25    0 = Absent
     17    1 = Present
      5    2 = Present - with characteristics of the Healer, but not
           *   included in the initial analyses used to determine the
           *   practitioner types, and therefore classified as a
           *   "Healer Complex" practitioner.

 882.  Medium

    139    . = Not Coded or Insufficient Data
     30    0 = Absent
     17    1 = Present

 883.  Sorcerer/Witch

    139    . = Not Coded or Insufficient Data
     29    0 = Absent
     17    1 = Present (Note: the Roman practitioner known as a
           *   sorcerer, witch, necromancer, etc. was clustered
           *   with the Shaman/Healers although the social role
           *   was much the same as the Sorcerer/Witch here)

 884.  Priest

    139    . = Not Coded or Insufficient Data
     19    0 = Absent
     28    1 = Present



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds39.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
FEMALE CONTRIBUTION TO SUBSISTENCE

Douglas R. White. Scales constructed from existing codes.

STDS39.DAT Variables 885-889

 885.  Female Contribution to Subsistence: Ethnographic Atlas
 886.  Female Contribution to Subsistence: Martin Whyte
 887.  Female Contribution to Subsistence: Barry and Schlegel
 888.  Female Contribution to Subsistence: Maximal Difference of Three Scores
 889.  Female Contribution to Subsistence: Average of Three Scores

       * = 0-99 %
       *   Variable 885 Reliability = .723
       *   Variable 886 Reliability = .563 WARNING !
       *   Variable 887 Reliability = .458 WARNING !
       *   Variable 889 Reliability = .800
       *   Variable 890 Reliability = .795

 890.  Female Contribution to Subsistence: Average of Three Scores

           *   Variable 890 Reliability = .800
           0 =  0- 4%
           1 =  5-14%
           2 = 15-24%
           3 = 25-34%
           4 = 35-44%
           5 = 45-54%
           6 = 55-64%
           7 = 65-74%
           8 = 75-84%
           9 = 85-99%



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds40.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
THE NATURE OF WARFARE

Valerie Wheeler [Nammour], l974.  Drums and Guns: A Cross-Cultural Study of the
Nature of War.  Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Oregon.

Datafile: STDS40.DAT  Vars.  891-916.  Warfare

The author's comments on reliability and validity are cited after each code,
where relevant.

References cited:

Naroll, Raoul.  1966.  Does military deterrence deter?  Trans-Action 3(2): 14-20.

Otterbein, Keith F.  1970.  The Evolution of War: A Cross-cultural study.  HRAF
Press.

 891.  FREQUENCY OF INTERNAL WAR (VAR LABEL REVERSED)
       Otterbein's (1970: 3, 84, 143) definition of internal war excludes
       feuding: warfare between political communities within the cultural unit,
       i.e., continguous political communities that are culturally similar.  p.
       3: "Warfare is defined as armed combat between political communities.
       Armed combat, which is fighting with weapons, is performed by military
       organizations.  When political communities within the same cultural unit
       engage in warfare, this is considered to be internal war."  p. 143: "If
       there is more than one military organization within a political
       community, and these ... engage in armed combat, this is considered
       feuding or civil war, depending on the scope of the conflict."

     26    . = Missing Data
     17    1 = Continual
     54    2 = Frequent
     89    3 = Infrequent

 892.  FREQUENCY OF EXTERNAL WAR - ATTACKING (VAR LABEL REVERSED)
       [Follows Otterbein 1970: 84, 143-144]

     29    . = Missing Data
     31    1 = Continual
     61    2 = Frequent
     65    3 = Infrequent

 893.  FREQUENCY OF EXTERNAL WAR - BEING ATTACKED (VAR LABEL REVERSED)
       [Follows Otterbein 1970: 84, 143-144]

     33    . = Missing Data
     26    1 = Continual
     67    2 = Frequent
     60    3 = Infrequent


 894.  FORM OF MILITARY MOBILIZATION (VAR LABEL REVERSED)
       [Adapted from Otterbein 1970: 144]

     26    . = Missing Data
     60    1 = Age-grades, military societies, standing armies
     86    2 = None of above: but men organized as friends, family, lineage,clan
     14    3 = Absence of military organization altogether

 895.  DECISION TO ENGAGE IN WAR
       [Follows Otterbein 1970: 28-29, 144]

     49    . = Missing Data
    102    1 = Taken by official or council of the political community
     35    2 = Anyone

 896.  COMMENCEMENT OF WAR
       [Follows Otterbein 1970: 32, 144]

     53    . = Missing Data
     21    1 = By announcement
      8    2 = By mutual agreement
    104    3 = By surprise attack

 897.  CONCLUSION OF WAR
       [Follows Otterbein 1970: 35, 144]

     53    . = Missing Data
     61    1 = By negotiation
     52    2 = By simply stopping
     20    3 = War is not ended but is continual

 898.  PEACE CEREMONY (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

    104    . = Missing Data
     61    1 = Present
     21    2 = Absent

 899.  MILITARY EXPECTATIONS I-PRE-STATE (VAR LABEL REVERSED)
       [Follows Naroll l966, with modifications by Otterbein 1970]

     19    . = Missing Data
     99    1 = High, with any one of the following present:
               Subjugation of territory or people (909)
               Collection of tribute (910)
               Land - fields, hunting/fishing territory, pastures (911)
               Trophies and honors (including captives for sacrifice) (913)
     68    2 = Low, absence of any of the above


 900.  MILITARY EXPECTATIONS II-STATE (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     20    . = Missing Data
     76    1 = High, with any one of the following present:
               Subjugation of territory or people (909)
               Collection of tribute (910)
               Land - fields, hunting/fishing territory, pastures (911)
     90    2 = Low, absence of any of the above

 901.  CASUALTY RATE (VAR LABEL REVERSED)  Poor correlation with Ember 2005 Male Mortality in war
       [Follows Otterbein 1970: 81, 146]   Ember    1=Lo  2=Hi
                                     v901  1 Hi       1    6
    107    . = Missing Data                2 Lo       3    2  p=0.15 (n.s. but positive)
     35    1 = High (1/3rd or more of combatants)
     44    2 = Low

       "This has turned out to be a difficult variable to code;
       information does not exist in most cases." Wheeler l974:270

 902.  LEADERSHIP DURING BATTLE
        [Modified from Otterbein 1970: 23-28, 144]

     44    . = Missing Data
     62    1 = An official who could back up his decision by force
     67    2 = An informal leader whom people obeyed because of respect,
               but who had no means to force warriors to obey
     13    3 = Everyone is on his own

       "When I drew up this variable, I neglected to allow for those cases
       where a leader has an official position -- appointed war chief,
       hereditary war chief -- and is very aware of the honor and respect of
       this office but still has no means to force followers to obey.  His
       formality may be hollow if people choose to disregard his direction."
       Wheeler l974:272

 903.  PRESTIGE ASSOCIATED WITH BEING A SOLDIER OR WARRIOR (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     35    . = Missing Data
     61    1 = A great deal; important for every male
     64    2 = some, not necessary to be a warrior to have influence in
               the community
     26    3 = No special consideration, respect, or distinctions for a
               man who fights

 904.  COWARDICE: DEFINED AS

    128    . = Missing Data
     27    1 = Refusing to fight
     29    2 = Leaving companions
      2    3 = Running away
       "This variable is a failure, but for an interesting reason.  With very
       few exceptions, even including professionally trained ethnographers,
       observers simply do not state what action brings down an accusation of
       cowardice.  Cowardice is often mentioned, but not what it is seen to
       be."   Wheeler 1974: 273.

 905.  REWARDS  (VAR LABEL REVERSED) (Special gifts, praises, or ceremonies, not including
       ritual purification for a man who has killed an enemy in battle
       or otherwise shown skill in war)

     77    . = Missing Data
     68    1 = Yes, usually or always
     16    2 = Sometimes
     25    3 = Rarely or never

       "This variable augments variable [903]" Wheeler l974:273

 906.  DID MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY EXPECT VIOLENCE TO SOLVE THEIR PROBLEMS? (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     57    . = Missing Data
     71    1 = Yes
     58    2 = No

       "My operationalization of this variable breaks all the methodological
       rules and consequently is vulnerable to attack...  the coder has used
       his assessment of the material overall....  I think the variable is
       enormously important, and eventually I hope to build some rigor ...
       into it."  Wheeler l974:274-5.

 907.  VALUE OF WAR: VIOLENCE/WAR AGAINST NON-MEMBERS OF THE GROUP (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     40    . = Missing Data
     72    1 = Enjoyed and considered to have high value
     51    2 = Considered to be a necessary evil
     23    3 = Consistently avoided, denounced, not engaged in

       "This variable complements but does not duplicate, or resolve, variable
       [906]....  Clumsy as this variable may seem, it was quite easy to code,
       largely due to clear observation by the ethnographer as to the value of
       war.  The evidence may be comments by the observer, texts or poems and
       songs, or statements by the actors."  Wheeler l974: 275

 908.  MILITARY SUCCESS (VAR LABEL REVERSED): IS POLITICAL COMMUNITY/CULTURAL UNIT WINNING OR LOSING
       IN THE LONG RUN
       [Modified from Otterbein 1970 to include population as well as territory]

     14    . = Missing Data
     42    1 = Yes -- its boundaries/population are expanding
     63    2 = No change -- boundaries/population stationary
               (the population is able to replace those lost in war)
      8    3 = Breaking even -- what it loses in territory it takes from others
     59    4 = No -- its boundaries/population are shrinking

 909.  SUBJUGATION OF TERRITORY OR PEOPLE (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     18    . = Missing Data
     35    1 = Present
    133    2 = Absent or not mentioned


 910.  COLLECTION OF TRIBUTE (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     18    . = Missing Data
     18    1 = Present
    150    2 = Absent or not mentioned

 911.  ACQUISITION OF LAND (VAR LABEL REVERSED): FIELDS, HUNTING/FISHING TERRITORIES, PASTURES

     18    . = Missing Data
     50    1 = Present
    118    2 = Absent or not mentioned

 912.  PLUNDER (VAR LABEL REVERSED) (INCLUDING CAPTIVES FOR SLAVES, HOSTAGES, ADOPTION)

     18    . = Missing Data
    104    1 = Present
     64    2 = Absent or not mentioned

 913.  TROPHIES AND HONORS (VAR LABEL REVERSED) (INCLUDING CAPTIVES FOR SACRIFICE)

     18    . = Missing Data
     49    1 = Present
    119    2 = Absent or not mentioned

 914.  REVENGE (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     17    . = Missing Data
    111    1 = Present
     58    2 = Absent or not mentioned

 915.  DEFENSE (VAR LABEL REVERSED)

     18    . = Missing Data
     97    1 = Present
     71    2 = Absent or not mentioned

       "The coding of defense was generally difficult because so few authors
       specifically mentioned it.  Following the rule [of coding no mentions as
       absences], I marked it as absent,  I simply do not know where it was
       truly absent and where the ethnographer assumed that any ninny would
       know that it [must] exist.  Otterbein (1970) also had difficulty coding
       this attribute because of such an assumption.  Therefore, I do not
       consider my quantitative results on defense to be reliable.  Otterbein
       made one useful distinction that I could not implement satisfactorily.
       He coded the military expectations in order of importance -- first,
       second, third.  There were too many cases where I could not make such a
       judgment, even if the data on expectations per se were good."  Wheeler
       l974:270.

 916.  AGGRESSIVE DEFENSE (VAR LABEL REVERSED) (PRE-EMPTIVE ATTACK IF ENEMY THOUGHT ABOUT TO ATTACK)

     19    . = Missing Data
     13    1 = Present
    154    2 = Absent or not mentioned


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds41.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
SLAVERY AND SOCIAL DEATH

Orlando Patterson. 1982. Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative
    Study. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Datafile: STDS41.DAT  Vars. 917-920. Slavery

    Definitions: Patterson defines slaveholding as "permanent dominant
    violation of natally alienated and generally dishonored persons."  This
    excludes non-hereditary slavery, and thus does not include what Murdock
    (1967: 166) classifies as incipient slavery. His focus is on
    slaveholding societies, and excludes societies largely composed of
    former slaves.

 917.  Historical frame for pinpointing date where slaveholding present

      1    . = Missing data
    119   -1 = No slaveholding
      1    0 = 1750 BC
      1    1 = 620 BC
      1    2 = Early 100s
      1    3 = 1292
      1    4 = Early 1500s
      1    5 = Mid 1500s
      1    6 = 1600-1650
      1    7 = Mid 1700s
      1    8 = Late 1700s
      1    9 = 1780-1820
      2   10 = Early 1800s
      1   11 = 1800-1910
      1   12 = 1850-1950
      2   13 = 1800s
      4   14 = Mid 1800s
     15   15 = Late 1800s
      7   16 = Late 1800s - Early 1900s
      1   17 = Late 1800s - 1910
      2   18 = Late 1800s - 1930s
     10   19 = Early 1900s
      4   20 = 1900 - 1920s
      5   21 = 1900 - 1930s
      3   22 = 1900 - 1940s

       For the most part these are historical periods in which slaveholding is
       present by Patterson's definition, and they contain the standard sample
       pinpointing date. However, Patterson is careful about his dates and his
       selective use of discrepancies from the standard sample temporal
       pinpointing should be carefully noted.

       In the following cases, judging from those with large scale
       slaveholding, Patterson shifts to an earlier date when the slave system
       was operative or recently ceased. The focal period for the presence of
       slaveholding in these cases is usually fifty years (in one case 100
       years, in another 200) prior to the standard sample focal date.





                                                             Largescale
                             STDS    Patterson               Slaveholding
                             Foci    Foci                    Era
        20 Mende             1945    Early 1900s             Late 19th C.
        21 Wolof             1950    Late 1800s-early 1900s  1300-1900
        25 Wodaabe Fulani    1951    Late 1800s-early 1900s  1750-1900
        27 Massa             1910    Late 1800s              1600-1800s
        30 Otoro Nuba        1930    Late 1800s-early 1900s  None
        40 Teda              1950    Early 1900's            None
        85 Iban              1950    Early 1900's            None
       112 Ifugao            1910    Early 1800's            None
       116 Koreans           1947    Late 1800s              660-1700s
       159 Goajiro           1947    Early 1900's            None

       However, in the following cases with large scale slaveholding at an
       earlier date the pinpointing focus was not shifted, apparently because
       the Standard Sample focal groups were not slaveholders but formed either
       part of the slave population, or were peripheral to the slaveholding
       system:
                                                             Largescale
                             STDS    Patterson               Slaveholding
                             Foci    Foci                    Era
        17 Ibo               1935    1900-1935               18th &amp; 19th C's
        22 Bambara           1902    1800-1910               1464-1720
        24 Songhai           1940                            1464-1720
        26 Hausa             1900    late 1800s-early 1900s  1600-1800
       165 Saramacca         1928                            1790-1862

       The only other date discrepancy is for following:

        38 Bogo              1855    Early 1900's            No data

       Entries for slaveholding should be considered for the following:
        37 Amhara            1953    "Traditional"           Yes

 918.  Manumission of slaves

      1    . = Missing Data
     18    1 = Infrequent
     10    2 = Not common
     21    3 = Frequent
     17    4 = No data on rates of manumission, but hereditary
               slaveholding is present by Patterson's definition
      7    5 = Hereditary slaveholding not present by Patterson's
               definition, although present by Murdock's definition
      5    6 = Hereditary slaveholding not present by Patterson's
               definition, although slavery present by Murdock's
               definition, unascertained as to whether hereditary
      8    7 = Hereditary slaveholding not present by Patterson's
               definition, although nonhereditary slavery present
               (e.g., slaves captured in warfare but not inherited)
               by Murdock's definition.
     97    8 = Slavery not present by either definition
      2    9 = Slavery not present by either definition, although the
               societies are largely composed of former slaves.

 919.  Large scale slaveholding systems: recency

      -    . = Missing Data
    168    0 = Not present
      6    1 = Present at or immediate prior to pinpointing date
      6    2 = Present within past fifty years
      3    3 = Present within past one hundred yesrs
      2    4 = Present within past two hundred years
      1    5 = Present within past three hundred years

 920.  Large scale slaveholding systems: proportion of slaves

      -    . = Missing Data
    168    0 = Not present
      5    1 = 1/6 to 1/3 of society, sometimes more
      6    2 = 1/3 or more
      5    2 = more than 40 percent
      1    2 = more than 50 percent
      1    2 = more than 80 percent



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds42.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
AGRICULTURAL POTENTIALS

Source: Frederic L. Pryor, 1986. The Adoption of Agriculture: Some
    Theoretical and Empirical Evidence. <a href="http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.1986.88.4.02a00060">American Anthropologist 88:894-897</a>.

Datafile: STDS42.DAT  Vars.  921-930.  Agricultural Potentials

    The evaluations of data quality were made by the author, who notes that
    such judgements are highly subjective.

 921.  Agricultural Potential 1: Sum of Land Slope, Soils, Climate Scales
       [see below for definitions of components added]

      1    4 = Poorest potential
           5 = 5
      1    6 = 6
           7 = 7
      5    8 = 8
      1    9 = 9
      2   10 = 10
      7   11 = 11
      8   12 = 12
      5   13 = 13
     14   14 = 14
     10   15 = 15
     16   16 = 16
     24   17 = 17
     25   18 = 18
     29   19 = 19
     24   20 = 20
      7   21 = 21
      5   22 = 22
      4   23 = Richest potential

 922.  Land Slope. Food and Agricultural Organization/UNESCO.  1971-78. Soil
       Maps of the World. UNESCO. [adjusted in some cases by information drawn
       from the ethnographies]

     29    4 = Steeply dissected
     15    5 =
     36    6 = Rolling to hilly (8% to 30% slope)
     30    7 =
     76    8 = Level to gently undulating (0 to 8% slope)

 923.  Data Quality: Inferences
    169    0 = Good data
     17    1 = Inferential


 924.  Suitability of Soils for Agriculture. Food and Agricultural
       Organization/ UNESCO.  1971-78. Soil Maps of the World. UNESCO.
       [qualitative estimates from soil type discussions]

      4    0 = Very Poor
     30    2 = Poor
      3    3
     99    4 = Fair
     11    5
     30    6 = Good
      1    7
      8    8 = Very good

 925.  Data Quality: Inferences
    180    0 = Good data
      6    1 = Inferential

 926.  Climate. Papadakis, J. 1966. Climates of the World and their
       Agricultural Potential. Buenos Aires. [used to determine one of 73
       climate types for each society]
       Papadakis, J. 1970. Agricultural Potentialities of World Climates.
       Buenos Aires. [used to classify potentiality of climate type for
       different types of crops.  Crops were divided into five classes: winter
       cereals, mid-season crops (sugar, beets, potatoes), other summer crops
       (cotton, peanuts, cassava), tree crops (bananas, coconuts), and summer
       cereals.  For each a numerical climate rating was taken; the ratings for
       the two most favorable crop classes were averaged. Since some of these
       climate ratings assumed the presence of irrigation the ratings were
       adjusted as follows: (a) if rain index is 2 or less, subtract 5; (b) if
       rain index 3 or 4, subtract 3; (c) if rain index is above 4 but both
       leading crops require irrigation, subtract 3; (d) if rain index above 4
       but one leading crop requires irrigation, subtract 1 ]

     13    0   Non applicable, too cold for agriculture
           2 = Poor
     14    3 = Poor-Fair
      8    4 = Fair
     21    5 = Fair-Good
      4    6 = Good
     47    7 = Good-Very Good
     79    8 = Very good

 927.  Data Quality: Inferences

    182    0 = Good data
      4    1 = Inferential


 928.  Agricultural Potential 2: Lowest of Land Slope, Soils, Climate Scales
       [see above for definitions of components]

     13    0 = Lowest
     27    2 = Low
     14    3 = Medium-Low
     92    4 = Medium
     16    5 = Medium-High
     17    6 = High
      3    7 = High-Very High
      4    8 = Very High

 929.  Average Annual Rainfall.  World Meteorological Organization.  1971.
       Climatological Norms (CLINO) for Climate and Climate Ship Stations for
       the period 1931-1960.  Geneva.  [corresponding to the weather station
       closed to the village or society]

     15    .    Missing data
      4    0 =    0mm &lt; rainfall &lt;   20 mm
      2    1     20mm &lt; rainfall &lt;   50 mm
     14    2 =   50mm &lt; rainfall &lt;  100 mm
     17    3    100mm &lt; rainfall &lt;  200 mm
      1    4 =  200mm &lt; rainfall &lt;  400 mm
     25    5    400mm &lt; rainfall &lt;  600 mm
           6 =  600mm &lt; rainfall &lt;  800 mm
     13    7    800mm &lt; rainfall &lt; 1000 mm
     95    8 = 1000mm &lt; rainfall

 930.  Data Quality: Inferences

    184    0 = Good data
      2    1 = Inferential



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds43.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
    VARIETIES OF SEXUAL EXPERIENCE

    Suzanne G. Frayser. 1985. Varieties of Sexual Experience. HRAF Press.

    STDS43.DAT vars 931-950
    STDS44.DAT vars 951-970
    STDS45.DAT vars 971-985

    Note: In this dataset, 0's for some information, but insufficient to
    code are not as yet distinguished from .'s for no information or not
    coded. For several of the codes [931, 932, 941, 951, 958, 969, 975, 978,
    979] the original source should be consulted as these are originally
    rankings of multiple factors and only the highest ranked item is coded
    here

    I. Sexual Differentiation. This section deals with the pervasiveness of
    sexual differentiation in daily life as expressed by the person's
    physical appearance and the spatial organization of the living
    arrangements for males and females

 931.  Female physical appearance during the daily routine (not temporary
       occasions such as ceremonial gatherings). Ranked according to the
       severity of physical modification involved

    125    . = Missing Data
     14    1 = The amount, style, color, or material of the garment worn
      5    2 = Paraphernalia, e.g., belts, footwear, headgear and other
               accessories to the main garment, exclusive of jewelry
     18    3 = The amount, style, or placement of jewelry
      7    4 = The style, length, or color of head hair
           5 = The growth of facial hair, e.g., moustaches and beards
      5    6 = The use of cosmetics, i.e., preparations applied to
               specific parts of the body to enhance their attractiveness,
               e.g., facial makeup, body scents, body oils, body paints,
               tooth blackeners
      1    7 = The removal of body hair, exclusive of head hair coded under
               4, e.g., the removal of facial, axillary, or pubic hair
     10    8 = The deformation or mutilization of the body, exclusive of the
               genitals, i.e., a change in the form or the removal of a
               material part of the body, e.g., tattooing, cicatrization,
               cranial deformation, ear piercing
           9 = The deformation or mutiliation of the genitals, e.g.,
               clitoridectomy, circumcision, sewing the labia together

       [Note: only the first of several items ranked are indicated in this
       code. Full appraisal would require all these items to be consulted.]




932.  Male physical appearance during the daily routine (not temporary
       occasions such as ceremonial gatherings). Ranked according to the
       severity of physical modification involved

    127    . = Missing Data
     18    1 = The amount, style, color, or material of the garment worn
      7    2 = Paraphernalia, e.g., belts, footwear, headgear and other
               accessories to the main garment, exclusive of jewelry
      3    3 = The amount, style, or placement of jewelry
      9    4 = The style, length, or color of head hair
      8    5 = The growth of facial hair, e.g., moustaches and beards
      3    6 = The use of cosmetics, i.e., preparations applied to specific
               parts of the body to enhance their attractiveness, e.g.,
               facial makeup, body scents, body oils, body paints, tooth
               blackeners
      3    7 = The removal of body hair, exclusive of head hair coded under
               4, e.g., the removal of facial, axillary, or pubic hair
      8    8 = The deformation or mutilization of the body, exclusive of the
               genitals, i.e., a change in the form or the removal of a
               material part of the body, e.g., tattooing, cicatrization,
               cranial deformation, ear piercing
      1    9 = The deformation or mutiliation of the genitals, e.g.,
               clitoridectomy, circumcision, sewing the labia together

       [Note: only the first of several items ranked are indicated in this
       code. Full appraisal would require all these items to be consulted.]

 933.  Sleeping Arrangements of Adolescent females: where unmarried but
       sexually mature females sleep in relation to sexually mature males in
       the living quarters. Ranked according to the degree of segregation of
       female from male adolescents

    129    . = Missing Data
      2    1 = Girls marry before or very soon after puberty and live in
               the dwelling of their prospective husband
     15    2 = Girls sleep in the same dwelling as their parents and sibs
               No special section reported for them
      5    3 = Girls sleep in the same dwelling as their parents but in a
               particular section or partitioned area for them and/or
               their female siblings
      2    4 = Girls sleep in the same dwelling as their parents but in a
               particular section for their mothers and female children
               Males sleep in a separate section
      5    5 = Girls sleep in the same dwelling as their parents with no
               partition reported, but the adolescent males sleep in a
               separate section
     12    6 = Girls sleep in the same dwelling as their parents with no
               partition reported, but the adolescent males sleep in a
               men's house or somewhere other than the natal dwelling
      5    7 = Girls sleep in the same dwelling as their parents. There is
               a special or partitioned area for them. The adolescent
               males sleep elsewhere
      4    8 = Girls sleep in the same dwelling as their mother, but
               adolescent and other mature males sleep elsewhere
      7    9 = Girls sleep in their own hut or separate dwelling for
               adolescent girls. Adolescent boys sleep in a men's house or
               some dwelling other than the one in which their parents
               reside

 934.  Married women: where spouses sleep in the living quarters Ranked
       according to the degree of spatial separation between the spouses during
       sleep

    126    . = Missing Data
     17    1 = W (wife) sleeps with her H (husband) in their own dwelling
               No rooms or partitions between them are specified
     11    2 = W sleeps with her H in a dwelling that contains more than
               one conjugal family. No partitioned area reported for them
     13    3 = W sleeps with her H in a partitioned area in dwelling that
               contains more than one conjugal family
      4    4 = W sleeps with her H in her dwelling, but he has a dwelling
               of his own or spends most of his time in the men's house or
               elsewhere, e.g., with another wife
      5    5 = W sleeps with her H in her own room or section of the
               dwelling, separate from the section of her H
     11    6 = W sleeps in her dwelling, and her H sleeps in his dwelling
               or in a men's house except for the times when intercourse
               is desired

 935.  Eating arrangements: the spatial arrangement of the sexes during the
       main meal of the day, exclusive of arrangements operative during
       ceremonies or when guests are present. Ranked according to the degree of
       segregation between males and females during the meal.

    139    . = Missing Data
     14    1 = Men and women eat together. No particular arrangement is
               specified for the sexes
      4    2 = Men and women eat together. There is a strict positioning of
               them in the eating area, e.g., positioning according to
               kinship
     12    3 = Men and women do not eat together in public but certain kin
               may eat together in private, e.g., husband and wife
     11    4 = Men and women do not eat together and eat in different areas
      5    5 = Men and women do not eat together; the separation is
               accomplished by their eating at different times

       II. The Reproductive Cycle. This section deals with the amount and
       type of social emphasis given to specific stages of a woman's
       reproductive cycle and to the importance of her having children

 936.  Individual ordeal involved at the onset of the menses. The categories
       are arranged according to the severity of the ordeal
    139    . = Missing Data
     14    1 = There is no ordeal reported although there may be a change
               in physical appearance, living arrangements, or name
     14    2 = Three is a slight ordeal involved, e.g., a very short or
               relaxed period of seclusion, a few minor eating taboos, etc
      7    3 = There is a moderate ordeal involved, e.g., a strict period of
               seclusion, restaints on movement, numerous eating taboos, etc
     12    4 = There is a severe ordeal involved, e.g., a painful physical
               operation such as clitoridectomy, a lengthy seclusion with
               numerous taboos on movement, eating and social contacts, etc

 937.  Social celebration involved at the onset of the menses. Arranged
       according to the amount of celebration and the extent of participation
       in it. If there are differences according to class level, code according
       to the celebrations for the average individual
    140    . = Missing Data
     26    1 = There is no celebration of any kind
      5    2 = There is a small celebration, e.g., the family group has a
               party
     11    3 = There is a moderate celebration, e.g., family, friends, and/or
               small kin group have a feast, dance, give gifts
      4    4 = There is an elaborate celebration, e.g., the community, a
               large kin group, or other large social grouping celebrate or a
               smaller group has a celebration for an extended period of time

 938.  The social signficance of change in a woman's position with the onset of
       menstruation. The categories are ranked according to the degree of
       emphasis placed on her ability to bear children
    144    . = Missing Data
      3    1 = It is not thought to be especially significant beyond a change
               in dress, name, etc
      7    2 = Its main significance is that she is an adult who has more
               social responsibilities
      6    3 = The main significance is that she is now capable of having
               intercourse, wehther or not she actually engages in it
      4    4 = Its main significance is that she is eligible for marriage and
               can engage in intercourse
     12    5 = Its main significance is that she is eligible for marriage
      4    6 = Its main significance is that she is eligible for marriage
               and is an adult
      3    7 = Its main significance is that she is eligible for marriage
               and is capable of bearing children
      3    8 = Its main significance is that she is capable of bearing
               children

 939.  Personal restrictions or regular menstruation. Ranked according to the
       degree to which the woman is socially isolated during her menses
    147    . = Missing Data
      2    1 = There is no restriction placed on her during this period,
               and she carries on her activities as usual
      5    2 = There are restrictions placed on her personal activities
               but not on her social contacts, e.g., cooking taboos,
               eating taboos, taboos on what she may touch
      4    3 = There are restrictions placed on her personal movements and
               social contacts, e.g., she must remain in her dwelling or in a
               certain area of the settlements, she should avoid certain
               people
     10    4 = There are few restrictions placed on her personal
               activities and social contacts
     10    5 = There are moderate restrictions placed on her movements and
               her personal activities, e.g., she is in a partitioned area of
               the dwelling, she may not cook, she may see only certain
               people, she cannot engage in her usual economic activities,
               relaxed seclusion
      8    6 = There are severe restrictions imposed on her movements and
               personal activities, e.g., she is isolated in a menstrual hut,
               she may see few if any people, she may not cook, she may not
               feed herself

 940.  Social danger: which person(s) would be most harmed if the woman did not
       adhere to her menstrual restrictions. Ranked according to how large a
       group is thought to be endangered by the woman's actions. If more than
       one category is involved, code the most important danger first, the
       second most important one, second

    156    . = Missing Data
      4    1 = No one is thought to be endangered during this period
      5    2 = Only the menstruating woman is endangered
           3 = The woman endangers her husband
      4    4 = The woman endangers men. If both 3 &amp; 4, code as 4
      1    5 = The woman endangers other women and/or children, e.g., the
               fertility of other women, newborn children
      6    6 = The woman endangers anyone with whom she comes in contact
     10    7 = The woman endangers her social group, e.g., the fertility
               of the crops, the response of the supernatural to them,
               harm to an important social functionary

    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds44.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>

     STDS44.DAT

 941.  Personal restrictions on pregnancy. Ranked according to the degree of
       segregation from social contacts that is involved
    134    . = Missing Data
      7    0 = Some information, but insufficient to code
      3    1 = No modification is reported
      2    2 = She modifies the usual garments she wears and/or the usual
               care of her body, e.g., she wears more loosefitting
               garments, wears amulets to ward off evil spirits, pays
               special attention to cleanliness, etc
     11    3 = She modifies the use of her sensory apparatus, e.g., she
               avoids hearing, seeing, or touching certain things
     17    4 = She modifies her diet, e.g., she avoids eating certain foods
      5    5 = She modifies her usual domestic or economic duties, e.g., she
               does not cook she has someone else care for the children
      4    6 = She modifies her suaul mobility, e.g., she should not leave
               the settlement, she avoids certain places
      2    7 = Her usual social relations and/or living arrangements are
               modifies, e.g., she may not sleep where she usually does,
               she cannot be near certain people, she must not behave in
               the usual manner
      1    8 = She modifies her participation in social groups and
               activities, e.g., religious events

       [Note: only the first of several items ranked are indicated in this
       code. Full appraisal would require all these items to be consulted.
       This item was omitted from the punched-card version and added later.]


 942.  Purpose of pregnancy restrictions: Ranked according to the extensiveness
       of the social harm that may result from a woman not modifying her
       behavior along the expected lines. The code should indicate which
       person(s) the restrictions are most concerned with protecting

    146    . = Missing Data
     13    1 = They are to prevent harm to the baby
      4    2 = They are to prevent harm to the mother, e.g, illness,
               difficult delivery
     21    3 = They are to prevent harm to the baby and the mother, e.g.,
               miscarriage, attacks from the spirits, etc
      2    4 = They are to prevent harm to anyone with whom she comes in
               contact and/or the social group of which she is a part, e.g.,
               to prevent failure of the crops, to prevent an epidemic

 943.  Special segregation at birth: Location of the woman when she gives
       birth: where the birth of the first child takes place. Ranked according
       to the degree of segregation in or from her ordinary dwelling when the
       woman gives birth
    139    . = Missing Data
      1    1 = No special place is prepared for the birth of the child;
               the woman gives birth wherever she happens to be
     10    2 = The woman gives birth in the dwelling where she usually
               resides, but no special partitions are set up
     11    3 = The woman gives birth in the dwelling where she usually
               resides but in a partitioned or otherwise demarcated area or
               room
      2    4 = The woman gives birth in an area near the dwelling where
               she usually resides, e.g., under the dwelling, in a lean-to
               near the dwelling
      4    5 = The woman does not give birth in a special dwelling but in a
               place outside of the area where most social activity occurs,
               e.g., on the fringes or outside of the dwelling area
     11    6 = The woman gives birth in a structure explicitly constructed
               for the purpose, e.g., a birth hut
      1    7 = The woman does not give birth in her usual residence but in
               the dwelling of an affinal relative
      7    8 = The woman does not give birth in her usual residence but in
               the dwelling of a consanguineal relative

 944.  Residence of the new parents at the birth of their first child
    130    . = Missing Data
     15    1 = Temporary matrilocality
     11    2 = Permanent matrilocality
      2    3 = Ambilocality
      4    4 = Neolocality
     24    5 = Patrilocality

 945.  Purpose of personal birth restrictions. Each category indicates why the
       taboos and restrictions on a woman's personal behavior are imposed after
       she bears a child Ranked according to the degree that the restrictions
       affect other people
    148    . = Missing Data
     13    1 = Restrictions are imposed on her to promote the well-being
               of her child, e.g., she is cared for so that she can
               produce milk for the baby
      4    2 = Restrictions are imposed on her to prevent harm to her and/or
               to promote her well-being, e.g., other people prepare and
               bring her food, she does not work, she is indulged
     14    3 = Restrictions are imposed to prevent harm to her and her baby
      7    4 = Restrictions are imposed on her to prevent harm to those with
               whom she comes in contact and/or to prevent harm to her social
               group

 946.  Duration of personal birth restrictions. Each category specifies a
       period of time after birth before the woman resumes her usual domestic
       and economic activities
    132    . = Missing Data
      5    0 = Some information, but insufficient to code
     21    1 = 0-7 days
     14    2 = 8-14 days
      6    3 = 15-30 days
      6    4 = 31-60 days
      3    5 = more than two months

       [This item was omitted from the punched-card version and added later.]

       Celebration of birth: The degree of social concern with the birth of a
       child as indicated by the amount of celebration after the birth and the
       extent of social participation in it. The codes apply to the largest
       social class and exclude such particular occasions as the celebratino of
       multiple births or the birth of an heir to a king. Coded for the first
       born if there is a difference in treatment for different births. Coded
       for the desired sex if there is a difference for males and females

 947.  Type of birth celebration
    132    . = Missing Data
      4    1 = There is no celebratin for the mother or child after birth
      5    2 = There is no celebration after birth, but people do come to
               visit, offer congratulations, etc
     21    3 = There is a minor celebration after the birth, e.g, a small
               meal, a few drinks, etc
      9    4 = There is a moderate amount of celebration after the birth,
               e.g., a feast, dancing
     15    5 = There is an elaborate celebration after the birth, e.g.,
               elaborate feasting, dancing, many rites performed

 948.  When the birth celebration occurs
    139    . = Missing Data
      4    0 = Some information, but insufficient to code
     20    1 = Immediately or a few days after delivery
      1    2 = After the mother comes out of confinement
     14    3 = When the baby is named or baptized
      5    4 = When the baby and mother come out of confinement
      3    5 = Other

       [This item was omitted from the punched-card version and added later.]

 949.  Participants in the birth celebration. The code indicates the most
       extensive group which participates in the celebration of birth. Ranked
       according to the extensiveness of the group

    150    . = Missing Data
      5    1 = No one is involved in a celebration
      1    2 = The husband's family
      7    3 = Friends and neighbors
      1    4 = The wife's kin unit
      8    5 = Friends of the H and W and "relatives"
      6    6 = The wife's and husband's kin units or relatives of a group
               more extensive than the family
      8    7 = The community or large social, group to which the H and W belong

Children. This section deals with the ways in which childbearing is socially
encouraged or curtailed

 950.  Preferred sex and number of children
    139    . = Missing Data
      1    1 = They want very few children, regardless of sex
     19    2 = They prefer to have males rather than females, regardless of sex
      7    3 = They prefer to have females rather than males, regardless
               of number
      7    4 = Either sex is acceptable, e.g., the father wants a boy, the
               mother wants a girl, or they don't care as long as the child
               is healthy
     13    5 = They prefer a large number of children, regardless of their sex

       Barrenness. This part deals with the amount of social
       stigma that a woman bears if she is incapable of producing
       children

 951.  Explanation of barrenness. Ranked according to the degree to which the
       woman is blamed for her barrenness
    156    . = Missing Data
           1 = Barrenness is regarded as the fault of a sterile or impotent
               husband
      6    2 = Barrenness is regarded as an unfortunate physical condition
               that has befallen a woman through no fault of her own
      7    3 = Barrenness is regarded as the fault of others who bear
               malice towards the woman, e.g., witches
      7    4 = Barrenness is regarded as the fault of others who break
               taboos that have ramifications for her fertility
      7    5 = Barrenness is regarded as the fault of supernatural forces
               or supernatural beings who are generally malevolent
      1    6 = Barrenness is regarded as the fault of the woman who is being
               punished for committing some offense which is not sexual in nature
      2    7 = Barrenness is regarded as punishment to a woman who has
               committed some sexual offense, e.g., adultery, incest

       [Note: only the first of several items ranked are indicated in this
       code. Full appraisal would require all these items to be consulted.]

 952.  Penalties for barrenness. Ranked according to the severity of the
       penalty the woman incurs if she is barren
    134    . = Missing Data
      1    1 = No penalties are reported
     13    2 = Remedies are actively sought to correct the condition,
               e.g., amulets, potions, ceremonies
     12    3 = Provision is made for a child by adoption for fosterage
      7    4 = Provision is made for a child by the husband taking an
               additional wife to bear children or by the wife getting
               another woman to bear children for her husband
     15    5 = The woman's husband can or does divorce her
      4    6 = The woman is ostracized because she has no children, e.g.,
               jokes are made about her. She is given a subsidiary role
               in domestic tasks

       [Note: only the first of several items ranked are indicated in this
       code. Full appraisal would require all these items to be consulted.]

 953.  Contraception: knowledge and use of means to prevent the conception of
       children. Ranked according to the degree to which the responsibility for
       contraception devolves upon the woman

    145    . = Missing Data
      9    1 = No contraception is known about or used
      3    2 = Contraception is present, but there is no information on
               the method
      1    3 = There is a rudimentary form of contraception, e.g.,
               abstention when the woman is thought most likely to conceive,
               coitus interruptus
     12    4 = Contraception is present by implication, e.g., a long
               post-partum sex taboos or abstention while nursing
      4    5 = There is a long post-partum sex taboos and rudimentary
               contraception
      3    6 = There is a long post-partum sex taboos and the woman
               practices some intentional form of contraception
      9    7 = The woman is primarily responsible for contraception, e.g.,
               she has knowledge of rites she can perform to prevent
               offspring or she has knowledge of rites she can perform to
               prevent offspring or she swallows a drug

 954.  Social approval for Abortion: approval of and rationale for action taken
       to prevent the birth of a child by expelling the fetus before it is
       viable. Ranked according to the amount of social disapproval towards
       abortion

    139    . = Missing Data
     17    1 = Abortions occur, but there is no information on frequency
     12    2 = Abortions are permitted and occur frequently
           3 = Abortions are permitted and occur infrequently
      9    4 = Abortions are disapproved of but do occur. If they are
               infrequent and there is no information on approval, code in
               this category
      9    5 = Abortions are strongly disapproved of and occur rarely or never

 955.  Rationale for abortions: If there is more than one reason, indicate the
       most frequent reason first on the code sheet, second, etc. up to four
       important reasons. Ranked according to the degree to which social rather
       than personal considerations lead to the abortion

    152    . = Missing Data
      7    1 = No abortions
      6    2 = Concern for the psychological or pgysical state of the
               mother, e.g., she does not want more children, she is
               concerned about her beauty, or she does not want to lose
               her husband
      3    3 = Revenge, e.g., the woman is angry with her husband
      3    4 = Concern for the child's welfare, e.g., the mother is nursing
               another which would leave no milk for another, or the couple
               cannot afford more children
      9    5 = The child was conceived out of wedlock
      4    6 = The child was conceived in an illicit sexual relationship,
               e.g., adulterous, incestuous, or with a man of the wrong
               social class or ethnic group
      1    7 = Other

       Infanticide. This part deals with the approval of and rationale for
       killing an infant after he is born

 956.  Social approval. Ranked according to the amount of social disapproval
       incurred if infanticide occurs

    146    . = Missing Data
     19    1 = Infanticide occurs, but there is no information on frequency
      3    2 = Infanticide is permitted and occurs frequently
      4    3 = Infanticide is permitted and occurs infrequently
      5    4 = Infanticide is disapproved of but does occur. If it occurs,
               and there is no information on approval, code here
     10    5 = Infanticide is disapproved and does not occur


 957.  Rationale for infanticide. Each category indicates a reason for which an
       infant might be killed. Ranked according to the degree to which social
       rather than personal reasons lead to the infanticide

    147    . = Missing Data
      8    1 = No infanticide
      4    2 = The mother's welfare, e.g., she does not want more children,
               she is afraid of losing her charms, etc
      1    3 = Revenge, e.g., due to argument with husband
      2    4 = Concern for the child's welfare, e.g., the couple cannot
               support more children or there is ni one to suckle the child
      7    5 = The child was born in an unusual position, exhibited some
               unusual behavior or physical trait at birth, or was deformed,
               e.g., hair was already present on the child, or the child was
               born feet first
      8    6 = The child was one of a multiple birth
      2    7 = The child was a female
      6    8 = The child was born of an illicit sexual relationship,
               i.e., premarital, adulterous, or incestuous
      1    9 = Other

       III. Sexual Relations and their Social Context. This section deals with
       sexual relations from two perspectives. The first focuses on intercourse
       and the restrictions that are placed on it. The second focuses on
       marriage as the most common context within which intercourse and
       childbearing occur

 958.  Restrictions on the occasion of intercourse. Each category specifies an
       occasion when intercourse is proscribed or strongly preferred not to
       take place. Ranked according to the degree to which the occasion for
       intercourse is tied to a social rather than n individual state or activity

    130    . = Missing Data
      2    1 = It cannot occur during menstruation
     16    2 = It cannot occur for some period after childbirth whether
               because of nursing or a postpartum sex taboo and/or during
               pregnancy
     12    3 = It cannot occur during mensturation and after childbirth
               and/or during pregnancy
      3    4 = It cannot occur before, during, or after life cycle
               events, e.g., after the death of a spouse or at initiation
           5 = Other
           6 = It cannot occur before, during, and/or after a military expedition
     11    7 = It cannot occur before, during and/or after a major
               economic activity and/or a manufacturing operation
      6    8 = It cannot occur before, during and/or after a ritual program
               of some sort, e.g., days of abstinence of power seeking
      3    9 = It cannot occur before, during and/or after non-life cycle
               ceremonial events, e.g., harvest festivals

       [Note: only the first of several items ranked are indicated in this
       code. Full appraisal would require all these items to be consulted.]

 959.  Extensions of the incest taboo. Each category specifies an extension of
       the incest taboo beyond the nuclear family. Ranked according to the
       degree to which the emphasis is on nonkinship considerations. The coding
       should indicate the focus of the strongest extension of the incest taboo

    144    . = Missing Data
      5    1 = No extension beyond the nuclear family is reported. Note in
               the comments if the strongest prohibition in the family is
               Br-Si, Mo-So, or Fa-Dau
      2    2 = Bilateral extensions by cross or parallel cousins
     17    3 = Bilateral extension by degree of cousinage from ego
      1    4 = Other
           5 = Matrilineal extensions, with or without other bilateral extensions
           6 = Patrilineal extensions, with or without other bilateral extensions
      1    7 = Extensions based on nonkinship considerations, e.g., ritual
               bonds, household composition, locality, or social class

 960.  Violation of the incest taboo. Ranked according to the extent of the
       consequences of violating the incest taboo

    157    . = Missing Data
      8    1 = None or mild punishment, e.g., ostracism or a fine
      3    2 = Moderate punishment, e.g., offenders meet with misfortune
               such as sickness or bad luck
      9    3 = Severe punishment, e.g., death, barrenness, or expulsion from
               the community
      5    4 = Punishment to others than the offenders, e.g., their family or
               kin group
      1    5 = Punishment to the total social group, e.g., an epidemic or
               crop failure in the community
      3    6 = Punishment that affects the offenders as well as their
               social group, i.e., category `2` or `3` in combination
               with `5` category

     <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds45.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>

     STDS45.DAT

 961.  Restrictions on Premarital Sex. Ranked according to the degree of
       prohibition against premarital sex

    125    . = Missing Data
     17    1 = It is permitted for both sexes
      1    2 = It is permitted for both but in limited contexts, e.g.,
               with prostitutes or as part of a ceremony
      9    3 = It is permitted and not punished unless pregnancy results
     12    4 = It is permitted for males but no females
      9    5 = Premarital relations are disapproved but no infrequent in fact
      4    6 = Insistence on virginity for the woman. There is no
               information on restrictions on the male
      9    7 = Premarital relations are strongly disapproved and rare

 962.  Violation of restrictions on premarital sex. Each category
       specifies the consequences a woman faces if she violates a
       premarital sex prohibition

    135    . = Missing Data
     19    1 = Neither she nor her partner face punishment
     13    2 = Her partner is punished, but she is not
      4    3 = Mild punishment for the women, e.g., temporary ostracism
      8    4 = Moderate punishment for the woman, e.g., marriage is more
               difficult or physical punishment
      2    5 = Severe punishment, e.g., banishment from her social group,
               or she is killed
      5    6 = [Kenuzi, Gheg, Kurd, Manus, Mbau] - Severe or killed ?

 963.  Restrictions and Extramarital Sex. Ranked according to the
       strength of the prohibition against extramarital sex

    128    . = Missing Data
      3    1 = Permitted for both H and W
     11    2 = Permitted for both but only in limited contexts, e.g.,
               with particular relatives of the spouse, ceremonial license
      1    3 = Permitted and not punished unless pregnancy results
     15    4 = Permitted for the husband but not for the wife
     15    5 = Weakly prohibited, e.g., frequent violations or weak punishment
     13    6 = Strongly prohibited, e.g., occurs rarely or severe punishment

 964.  Punishment for extramarital sex. Ranked according to the severity
       of punishment that a woman receives if she commits adultery

    132    . = Missing Data
      5    1 = No punishment or mild punishment, e.g., a warning or a fine
      3    2 = Generally mild punishment, but she can be killed for it
      6    3 = Moderate punishment, e.g., a beating or incarceration
     14    4 = Generally moderate punishment, but she can be killed or
               divorced for it
      8    5 = The woman is divorced
      5    6 = She is generally divorced, but she can be killed for it
      8    7 = Severe punishment, e.g., permanent physical damage, but
               she can be killed or divorced for it
      5    8 = The woman is killed or commits suicide

 965.  Violation: who is punished for adultery. Ranked according to the
       degree to which the woman is punished

    138    . = Missing Data
           1 = No one is punished
      2    2 = Only the lover is punished
     15    3 = Both the woman and her lover are punished, but the lover
               is punished more severely than the woman
     19    4 = Both the woman and her lover are punished by almost
               equally severe punishment
      6    5 = Both the woman and her lover are punished, but the woman
               is punished more severely than her lover
      6    6 = Only the woman is punished

 966.  Violation: who punishes adultery. Ranked according to the degree
       to which responsibility for punishment of the woman resides with
       the social group

    132    . = Missing Data
      1    0 = Some information, but insufficient to code
      2    1 = No punishment for the women
     39    2 = The husband punishes his wife and/or her lover, if the
               wife is not punished
           3 = A representative of the family or kin group of the husband
               punishes her
      3    4 = A representative of the family or kin group of the wife
               punishes her
      8    5 = The community as a whole or its representative punishes her
      2    6 = Supernatural consequences fall upon the woman, e.g.,
               mystical retribution or punishment by the ancestral gods

       [This item was omitted from the punched-card version and added
       later.]

       Marriage. This part focuses on the establishment, characteristics,
       and dissolution of marriage, the most prominent form of legitimate
       sexual relationship and context for the birth of children

 967.  Age of Woman at Establishment of marriage: first marriage

    141    . = Missing Data
      2    1 = Under 12 years
     18    2 = 12-15 years (if the source says that boys or girls marry
               at puberty, code it here)
     11    3 = 16-17 years
     10    4 = 18-21 years
      3    5 = 22-25 years
      1    6 = 26 years and older

 968.  Age of Man at Establishment of marriage: first marriage

    144    . = Missing Data
           1 = Under 12 years
      4    2 = 12-15 years (if the source says that boys or girls marry
               at puberty, code it here)
      7    3 = 16-17 years
     15    4 = 18-21 years
      6    5 = 22-25 years
     10    6 = 26 years and older

 969.  Choice of spouse: social restrictions which limit an individual's
       choice of whom he can marry. Ranked according to the degree that
       nonkinship considerations play an important role

    127    . = Missing Data
     18    1 = Bilateral considerations, including not marrying a "relative"
           2 = Bilateral considerations, specifically cross and parallel cousins
     10    3 = Kinship of a matrilineal or matrilateral nature
     16    4 = Kinship of a patrilineal or patrilateral nature
      2    5 = Locality where the potential spouse lives
      1    6 = The tribe to which the potential spouse belongs
      5    7 = The age or generation of the potential spouse
           8 = The status of the potential spouse

       [Note: only the first of several items ranked are indicated in
       this code. Full appraisal would require all these items to be
       consulted.]

       Agreement to marry. This deals with the extent to which marriage
       is a transaction between social groups rather than the couple

 970.  Marriage proposal: Besides the groom, whose proposal is regarded
       as most necessary in initiating marriage. Ranked according to how
       extensive a group is involved in initiating marriage

    128    . = Missing Data
      6    1 = The bride's family or a relative of the bride
     30    2 = The bride's and groom's families
      2    3 = The groom's kin group and the bride's family
           4 = The bride's kin group and the groom's family
     20    5 = The kin groups of the bride and groom


 971.  Consent to marry: how necesary is the consent of the prospective
       wife for marriage arrangements to proceed

    129    . = Missing Data
     19    1 = Propective spouse's consent is necessary, i.e.,
               the marriage cannot take place without it
     22    2 = The prospective spouse is consulted
     16    3 = The prospective spouse is not consulted

 972.  Consent to marry: how necesary is the consent of the prospective
       Husband for marriage arrangements to proceed

    132    . = Missing Data
     23    1 = Propective spouse's consent is necessary, i.e., the marriage
               cannot take place without it
     22    2 = The prospective spouse is consulted
      9    3 = The prospective spouse is not consulted

 973.  Degree of marriage celebration

    129    . = Missing Data
      4    1 = There is no celebration
     16    2 = There is a small celebration, e.g., a minor acknowledgement
               or exchange of gifts
     15    3 = There is a moderate celebration, e.g., a feast, dancing,
               dramatic performances, or extensive gift exchange
     22    4 = There is an elaborate celebration, e.g., it lasts a long
               period of time, is characterized by lavish dress, has
               elaborate performances, etc
 974.  Type of participants in the wedding. Ranked according to how
       extensive the group is

    136    . = Missing Data
      2    1 = Friends of the couple
      4    2 = The family of the bride or the groom
      4    3 = The kin group of the bride or groom
      9    4 = The families of the bride and groom
     19    5 = The kin groups or "relatives" of the bride and groom
     12    7 = The community

 975.  The rights transferred by women at marriage

    136    . = Missing Data
      9    1 = Rights concerning priority of sexual access
     10    2 = Rights concerning offspring
      6    3 = Rights concerning choice of residence
      8    4 = Rights concerning domestic services
     12    5 = Rights concerning economic labor
      5    6 = Rights concerning choice of residence and economic labor

       [Note: only the first of several items ranked are indicated in this
       code. Full appraisal would require all these items to be consulted.]

 976.  The rights transferred by men at marriage

    149    . = Missing Data
      1    1 = Rights concerning priority of sexual access
      2    2 = Rights concerning offspring
      1    3 = Rights concerning choice of residence
           4 = Rights concerning domestic services
     22    5 = Rights concerning economic labor
     11    6 = Rights concerning choice of residence and economic labor

 977.  Finality: factors that are important for the firm establishment of
       a marriage. Ranked according to the degree to which its
       establishment depends on the groom. The code reflects the most
       important obligation that must be met before the marriage is
       considered final

    141    . = Missing Data
     18    1 = After children or children of the appropriate sex are born
      2    2 = After cohabitation and the birth of children
      4    3 = After cohabitation
      6    4 = After children are born and after bride price is paid
      5    5 = After a marriage ceremony
     10    6 = After bride-price has been paid

 978.  Grounds for divorce: wife's reasons given for dissolving a marriage

    138    . = Missing Data
      5    1 = There is no divorce
      3    2 = Reproductive problems, e.g., barrenness or impotence
      5    3 = Illicit sexual relationship, e.g., adultery
      7    4 = Physical violence, e.g., beatings
     11    5 = Incompatibility
      1    6 = Desertion or extreme neglect
      2    7 = Incompatibility with affines
      9    8 = Failure in economic or domestic duties, e.g., laziness,
               poor provider or nonpayment of marriage payments
      5    9 = None or trivial grounds, e.g., another woman or man is
               more desirable or he or she does not like his or her
               current spouse

       [Note: only the first of several items ranked are indicated in this
       code. Full appraisal would require all these items to be consulted.]

 979.  Grounds for divorce: husband's reasons given for dissolving a marriage

    130    . = Missing Data
      4    1 = There is no divorce
     16    2 = Reproductive problems, e.g., barrenness or impotence
      9    3 = Illicit sexual relationship, e.g., adultery
           4 = Physical violence, e.g., beatings
     12    5 = Incompatibility
      3    6 = Desertion or extreme neglect
      1    7 = Incompatibility with affines
      8    8 = Failure in economic or domestic duties, e.g., laziness,
               poor provider or nonpayment of marriage payments
      3    9 = None or trivial grounds, e.g., another woman or man is
               more desirable or he or she does not like his or her current
               spouse

           [Note: only the first of several items ranked are indicated in this
            code. Full appraisal would require all these items to be
consulted.]

 980.  Restrictions on divorce. Ranked according to the difficulty a woman has
       in obtaining a divorce

    141    . = Missing Data
     17    1 = Divorce is allowed for both the H and W
      7    2 = Divorce is more difficult for a man to obtain. There is a
               prohibition against his obtaining one or a low frequency
               of men who obtain a divorce
      8    3 = Divorce is difficult and/or has a low frequency for both men
               and women
     14    4 = Divorce is more difficult for the wife to obtain. There is
               a prohibition against her obtaining one or a low frequency
               of wives obtaining a divorce

 981.  Rights over offspring after divorce. Ranked according to the
       degree to which the husband retains custody over the children
       after a divorce

    141    . = Missing Data
      4    1 = No divorce
      8    2 = The wife keeps all of the children
     11    3 = Who has custody of the children depends on the age and/or
               wishes of the children, e.g., the mother may take the infants
      5    4 = Each spouse has custody of some of the children, e.g., the
               wife keeps the girls and the husband the boys
      7    5 = Custody of the children depends on the circumstances of
               the divorce
      9    6 = The husband has custody of all of the children

 982.  Remarriage after divorce. Ranked according to how difficult it is
       to remarry after a divorce
    145    . = Missing Data
     29    1 = Both the H and W may remarry
      7    2 = Both the H and W may remarry, but it is easier for the H
      1    3 = It is difficult for both the H and W to remarry after divorce
      4    4 = No divorce

 983.  Property exchanges after divorce. Ranked in order of the amount of
       financial loss incurred by the wife when a divorce occurs
    143    . = Missing Data
      4    1 = There is no divorce
      8    2 = No financial transactions occur after a divorce, or there
               is an equal division of property
      6    3 = The H or his kin pay compensation
     16    4 = The transactions that occur depend on the circumstances of
               the divorce
           5 = Other
      9    6 = The wife and/or her kin group pay compensation, e.g., return
               brideprice

 984.  Remarriage of widows. The categories are ranked in order of the
       degree of restriction a woman faces to remarry after her husband's death
    129    . = Missing Data
     14    1 = She may marry anyone she chooses
      7    2 = She may remarry but often chooses not to, e.g., she would
               suffer financial loss or her children can care for her
           3 = She may remarry, but her choice is constrained by the
               wishes of her family and/or kin group
     20    4 = She may remarry, but first priority is given to marrying a
               specific relative of her husband's or someone chosen by
               her husband's kin group, e.g., levirate
     13    5 = She must marry a specific relative of the husband's or
               someone chosen by her husband's kin group or not remarry
      3    6 = She may not remarry

 985.  Length of time before a widow remarries
    152    . = Missing Data
      5    0 = Some information, but insufficient to code
      9    1 = 0-6 months
      5    2 = 6 months to less than a year
     10    3 = 1 year to less than 2 years
      4    4 = More than two years
      1    5 = No remarriage
      1    6 = Undefined [coded for Mbau Fijians]

       [This item was omitted from the punched-card version and added
        later.]


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds46.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
ENCULTURATIVE CONTINUITY AND IMPORTANCE OF CARETAKERS

Ronald P. Rohner and Evelyn C. Rohner, l982, BEHAVIOR SCIENCE RESEARCH

STDS46.DAT

       This and subsequent contributions are provided by arrangement with
       editors of the journal BEHAVIOR SCIENCE RESEARCH

 986.  Importance of Mothers for boys
 987.  Importance of Mothers for girls
 988.  Importance of Mothers for both boys and girls, without regard to gender
         (Sum of 2 rater's ratings on 1-4 point scale)

       . = Missing data                       86
       2 = Rarely the major caretaker
       4 = Sometimes the major caretaker
       5 = Often ?
       6 = Frequently the major caretaker
       7 = Very Frequent ?
       8 = Almost always the major caretaker

 989.  Importance of Fathers for boys
 990.  Importance of Fathers for girls
 991.  Importance of Fathers for both boys and girls, without regard to gender

       . = Missing data                       86
       2 = Rarely the major caretaker
       3 = Occasional ?
       4 = Sometimes the major caretaker
       5 = Often ?
       6 = Frequently the major caretaker
       7 = Very Frequent ?
       8 = Almost always the major caretaker

 992.  Importance of Others for boys

           . = Missing data
           2 = Rarely the major caretaker
           4 = Sometimes the major caretaker
           6 = Frequently the major caretaker
           8 = Almost always the major caretaker

 993.  Identification of Others for boys

           . = Missing data
       A   1 = Adults in household or community (other than parents)
       E   2 = Elders in community (often elder males for boys, elder
               females for girls)
       G   3 = Grandparents, usually grandmother
       M   4 = Mother's brother or mother's sister
       P   5 = Peers, age-mates, older youths, but not siblings
       S   6 = Siblings (usually older sisters)


 994.  Importance of Others for girls

           . = Missing data
           2 = Rarely the major caretaker
           5 = Often ?
           4 = Sometimes the major caretaker
           6 = Frequently the major caretaker
           8 = Almost always the major caretaker

 995.  Identification of others for girls

     86    . = Missing data
       A   1 = Adults in household or community (other than parents)
       E   2 = Elders in community (often elder males for boys, elder
               females for girls)
       G   3 = Grandparents, usually grandmother
       M   4 = Mother's brother or mother's sister
       P   5 = Peers, age-mates, older youths, but not siblings
       S   6 = Siblings (usually older sisters)

 996.  Importance of Siblings (usually older sisters) for both boys and girls
 997.  Importance of Grandparents for both boys and girls, without regard
       to gender
 998.  Importance of Others for both boys and girls, without regard to gender
       *   996-8 without regard to gender
       *   997 usually Grandmothers

      86  . = Missing data
       2 = Rarely the major caretaker
       3 = Occasional ?
       4 = Sometimes the major caretaker
       5 = Often ?
       6 = Frequently the major caretaker
       7 = Very Frequent ?
       8 = Almost always the major caretaker

 999.  Identification of Others for boys and girls, without regard to gender

     86    . = Missing data
       A   1 = Adults in household or community (other than parents)
       E   2 = Elders in community (often elder males for boys, elder
               females for girls)
       G   3 = Grandparents, usually grandmother
       M   4 = Mother's brother or mother's sister
       P   5 = Peers, age-mates, older youths, but not siblings
       S   6 = Siblings (usually older sisters)

1000.  Enculturative Continuity for boys
     86    . = Missing data
           2 = Discontinuity, fundamental
           4 = Discontinuity, significant
           5 = both elements ?
           6 = Significant continuity (Minor elements only of discontinuity)
           7 = Very Significant ?
           8 = Fundamental continuity

1001.  Incomplete Continuity for boys: age
     86    . = Missing data
       A   1 = around age five (or slightly younger)
       B   2 = around age six
       C   3 = around age seven
       D   4 = around age eight
       E   5 = around age nine
       F   6 = around age ten

1002.  Enculturative Continuity for girls

     86    . = Missing data
           2 = Fundamental discontinuity
           4 = Significant discontinuity
           5 = both elements ?
           6 = Significant continuity (Minor elements only of discontinuity)
           7 = Very Significant ?
           8 = Fundamental continuity

1003.  Incomplete Continuity for girls: age

     86    . = Missing data
       A   1 = around age five (or slightly younger)
       B   2 = around age six
       C   3 = around age seven
       D   4 = around age eight
       E   5 = around age nine
       F   6 = around age ten

1004.  Enculturative Continuity for both boys and girls without regard for
       gender

     86    . = Missing data
           2 = Fundamental discontinuity
           4 = Significant discontinuity
           5 = both elements ?
           6 = Significant continuity (Minor elements only of discontinuity)
           7 = Very Significant ?
           8 = Fundamental continuity

1005.  Incomplete Continuity for both boys and girls without regard for gender:
       age

     86    . = Missing data
       A   1 = around age five (or slightly younger)
       B   2 = around age six
       C   3 = around age seven
       D   4 = around age eight
       E   5 = around age nine
       F   6 = around age ten

    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds47.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
     STDS47.DAT

     Finished Variable Codebook      Filename: SYSEC.COD  Diskette: Worldsys
    from 3-16-87 1:36p                  DATASET: SYSEC
    Coding Problems:__________________ Society Name: _____________ Number:
_______
    Addl Research on Questions:  _____ Date of Observation ______

1006.  Classification of World System Position
                            Markets     Labor      Agricult.     Commodities
                            &amp; Trade Coercion Wage  Productn Tax Import/Export
           . = Missing data
           1 = Core 1       Central    -      +    Agribus.   +          /
           2 = Core 2       Central    -      +    Commerc.   +          /

      2    3 = Semiperip 1 Mediators   Slavery     Spec.Cash  + Weapons  /Hier1
      2    4 = Semiperip 2 Mediators   -      +    Spec.Cash  + Weapons  /Hier2

      2    5 = Periphery 1a Export     -      +    Spec.Cash  + Tools    /Agri
      4    6 = Periphery 1b Export     +      -    Sharecrop  + Tools    /Agri
      7    7 = Periphery 1c Export     +      -      Mixed    + Tools    /Agri
      5    8 = Periphery 1d Export     -      -      Mixed    - Weap     /Agri

     12    9 = Periphery 2a Traders    +  or  +    Incipient  - Weap
Food/Prized
      5   10 = Periphery 2c Markets    -    kind   Non-cash   - Weap
Food/Prized

      8   11 = Periphery 2b Traders    -    kind   Non-cash   - Weap
Food/Prized
               Anomalous:                                       +/-Alcohol/
             * (Mbuti)     Symbiotic   -    kind   Non-cash   -
Utilities/Prized
      5   12 = Marginal 1  Partners    -    kind   Non-cash   - Utilities/None
      1   13 = Marginal 2  Raiding    P--  plunder Non-Cash   - None     /None

1007.  Trade and Markets
           . = Missing data
      1    1 = External to world economy
      4    2 = External Trade "Partners" (missions, settlers, etc.) not traders
     23    3 = No Marketplace, but incoming traders for bulk goods
     21    4 = Marketplace, market effects for bulk goods
      4    5 = Entrepreneurs &amp; Creditors for other areas; Intermediaries
           6 = Central trading

1008.  Cropping
           . = Missing data
     17    0 = No agriculture or unimportant
      7    1 = Subsistence Agriculture only
      4    2 = Sale of subsistence crop but unimportant
      6    3 = Sale of subsistence crop important
      5    4 = Specialized Cash Crops present but unimportant
      9    5 = Specialized Cash Crops important ( ) monoculture
      5    6 = Sharecropping
           7 = Commercial farming
           8 = Industrial Agriculture

1009.  Labor

    134     . = Missing data
     13    1 = No wage or coerced labor
      3    2 = Coerced labor - internal ([large scale] slavery, vassals,
          corvee)
      2    3 = Coerced labor - external
     10    4 = Labor hired - local service occupations
     12    5 = Migrant wage labor (cash) -
      9    6 = Local wage labor (cash/kind) - partial (incl. crafts, traps)
      3    7 = Market for all types of labor

1010.  Labor Recoding
           . = Missing data
     13    0 = No wage labor, no coerced labor, or
      8    1 = labor hired - in kind or local service occupations only
      5    2 = Internal coerced labor only
               - ([modify to: large scale] slavery, vassals, corvee)
      4    3 = External coerced labor -
      9    4 = Sporadic wage labor (5,6,7 above)
      2    5 = Divided or exempted wage labor (5,6,7 above) - see notes
     12    6 = Important wage labor (5,6,7 above) - includes sale, craft

1011.  Tool Categories Imported: (19 17 21 18 9)
           . = Missing data
     14    0 =
     26    1 =
      9    2 =
      2    3 =
      2    4 =

1012.  Foods/Animals Categories Imported: (13 5 3 4 2)
           . = Missing data
     23    0 =
     11    1 =
     10    2 =
      7    3 =
      1    4 =
      1    5 =

1013.  Consumer Goods Categories Imported: (16 12 10)
           . = Missing data
      6    0 =
     33    1 =
     12    2 =
      2    3 =



1014.  Weapons Categories Imported: (20 8)
           . = Missing data
     21    0 =
     22    1 =
9	2 =

1015.  Hieratic Goods Categories Exported: (10, 1)
           . = Missing data
     37    0 =
     13    1 =
      2    2 =

1016.  Stimulants Categories Exported: (13, 12)
           . = Missing data
     45    0 =
      6    1 =
      1    2 =

1017.  Prized Raw Goods Categories Exported: (4, 6)
           . = Missing data
     29    0 =
     16    1 =
      7    2 =

1018.  Local Wares Categories Exported: (11, 2, 14)
           . = Missing data
     30    0 =
     18    1 =
      3    2 =
      1    3 =

1019.  Consumable Categories Imported (4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 16)
           . = Missing data
      3    0 =
      6    1 =
     13    2 =
     12    3 =
      7    4 =
      6    5 =
      4    6 =
      1    7 =
      1    8 =

1020.  Durable Categories Imported (8 17 18 19 20 21)
           . = Missing data
      4    0 =
     17    1 =
     17    2 =
     13    3 =
      1    4 =
           5 =
      1    6 =

1021.  Consumable Categories Exported (4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 16)
           . = Missing data
      3    0 =
     21    1 =
     12    2 =
      9    3 =
      4    4 =
      3    5 =
1022.  Durable Categories Exported (8 17 18 19 20 21) [and manufactured?]
           . = Missing data
     49    0 =
      3    1 =


1023.  Throughputs: total number of categories both imported and exported
           . = Missing data
     43    0 =
      4    1 =
      2    2 =
      1    3 =
      1    4 =
           5 =
      1    7 =

1024.  Imported Goods     &lt;- list if both -&gt;  Exported Goods

           . = Missing data                       .
           1 = Slaves                             1  PEOPLE
           2 = Small animals                      2  ANIMALS
           3 = Large animals                      3
           4 = Meat/dairy, furs, skins            4  FOOD
           5 = Cereal grains,     cash crops --&gt;  5
           6 = Salt, spices                       6
           7 = Wood, fuel, construction mat.      7  MATERIALS
           8 = Ores                               8
           9 = Agricultural Inputs                9
          10 = Prestige goods (Ivory, Gold, etc) 10
          11 = Craft goods                       11
          12 = Alcohol                           12  INDUSTRIAL
          13 = Stimulants (tobacco, tea, coffee) 13  GOODS
          14 = Pots, beads, cooking utensils,etc 14
          15 = Books, magazines, newspapers      15
          16 = Clothing, cloth, blankets         16
          17 = Bicycles, cars, power boats       17
          18 = Radios, lamps, Electricity        18
          19 = Metal tools, traps                19  CAPITAL
          20 = Weapons, ammunition               20  INPUTS
          21 = Tractors, pumps, machines         21

1025.  Slaves
1026.  Small animals
1027.  Large animals
1028.  Meat/dairy, furs, skins
1029.  Cereal grains,  cash crops --&gt;
1030.  Salt, spices
1031.  Wood, fuel, construction mat.
1032.  Ores
1033.  Agricultural Inputs
1034.  Prestige goods (Ivory, Gold, etc)
1035.  Craft goods
1036.  Alcohol
1037.  Stimulants (tobacco, tea, coffee)
1038.  Pots, beads, cooking utensils,etc
1039.  Books, magazines, newspapers
1040.  Clothing, cloth, blankets
1041.  Bicycles, cars, power boats
1042.  Radios, lamps, Electricity
1043.  Metal tools, traps
1044.  Weapons, ammunition
1045.  Tractors, pumps, machines

       *   IMPORTED GOOD
       . = Missing Data
       0 = Absent
       1 = Present

1046.  Slaves
1047.  Small animals
1048.  Large animals
1049.  Meat/dairy, furs, skins
1050.  Cereal grains,  cash crops --&gt;
1051.  Salt, spices
1052.  Wood, fuel, construction mat.
1053.  Ores
1054.  Agricultural Inputs
1055.  Prestige goods (Ivory, Gold, etc)
1056.  Craft goods
1057.  Alcohol
1058.  Stimulants (tobacco, tea, coffee)
1059.  Pots, beads, cooking utensils,etc
1060.  Books, magazines, newspapers
1061.  Clothing, cloth, blankets
1062.  Bicycles, cars, power boats
1063.  Radios, lamps, Electricity
1064.  Metal tools, traps
1065.  Weapons, ammunition
1066.  Tractors, pumps, machines

       *   EXPORTED GOOD
       . = Missing Data
       0 = Absent
       1 = Present

    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds48.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>

     STDS48.DAT

     Finished Variable Codebook      Filename: RENTAX     Diskette: Worldsys
     from 3-16-87 12:43p
                           VERSION: ( )A1 ( )A2 ( )B ( )C other( )____
    VERSIONS ARE LISTED
    A1/2 First             Society Name: _____________ Number:_______
    ** means A has, C doesn't
    C Second               Needs Addl Research ( )Y ( )N on Questions:
    * means C has, A doesn't  Coding Problems:____________________________

           Date of Observation (Pinpointed)
    Cover       _____


1066.  Changes in Land Tenure Affecting Entire Community SINCE time of
       first non-local contact [48]
    3C/B
    5F  *  . = Missing data
      2    0 = No Land Ownership
     27    1 = No Change
           2 = Land Sold  ( ) voluntarily to colonizers/settlers
                          ( ) under duress to colonizers/settlers
      9    3 = Land Confiscated with compensation    ( ) partial compensation
      8    4 = Land Confiscated without compensation
      1        Mixed

1067.  Taxes or tribute paid per Unit (MULTIPLE RESPONSES !!!!) [53]
    4B/A
    6A
    3      . = Missing data
     24    1 = None
     12    2 = Individual
      6    3 = Household
           4 = 2&amp;3
      1    5 = Kin Group
      3    6 = Community
      2    7 = Supra-Community (non-kin corp.)
     --        Mixed

1068.  Form of Tax Payment (Per Unit Taxes) [54]
    4A
    6A     . = Missing data
     23    1 z None
      4    2 x Goods
      8    3 y Currency
      4    4 xzLabor or Corvee
      2    5 yzGoods and currency
      3    6 xyLabor and goods
      1    7xyzLabor and currency
      2    8 = Goods, labor, currency

1069.  Locus of Taxation (to whom paid): [55]
    4AB/4
    6A3    . = Missing data
     24    0 = No Taxation even locally
      7    1 = Local Taxation - e.g., local hamlet, irrig. society
     12    2 = Outside Power - e.g., colonial govt., state

1070.  Gender of Tax Payee [56]
     (4B/*)
     ??    . = Missing data
     23    0 = No taxes
     11    1 = Males only
      4    2 = Males and Females

1071.  Rents [57]
    */4A4
    6A4    . = Missing data
     38    1 = None  1a( ) Reciprocal patron/client exchange with outsiders
           2 = Sharecropping                          in connection with land
      4    3 = Currency - paid to landowner
           4 = Currency - paid to church
      3    5 = Currency - paid to Govt

    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds49.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>

    CODES NOT YET DEVELOPED

    1067.   Changes in Land Tenure due to Land Registration [4-]
    5F
        *   . = Missing data
            0 = No Land Ownership
            1 = No Land Registration
            2 = No Change: Registered prior to WS contact
            3 = No Change: Registered after to WS contact
            4 = Land registration: positive effects on retention
      1     5 = Land registration: negative effect, leading to loss of land

    NOT CODED:    3ABD/*    **
    *;5G     Loss of Indigenous forms of Subsistence - SEE SUBSISTENCE CODES

    1068.   Effects on Gender in Land Ownership [49]
    3E/A
    **      . = Missing data
      1     0 = No land Changes
            2 a Effect to restrict women's ownership / usufruct (circle one)
            3 b No effect of changes
      1     4 c Effect to restrict men's ownership / usufruct (circle one)

    1069.   Presence of Landless People [50]
    */3C
    **      . = Missing data
      1     1 = All or almost all have rights to land
            2 = Fewer than half have no rights to land
            3 = More than half have no rights to land
            4 = Most of the population has no rights to land

    1070.   Taxes or tribute paid on Capital Goods [51]
    4A
    **      . = Missing data
     13     1 = None
            2 = Land and/or farms
            3 = Tools
            4 = Animals
            5 = 2&amp;3
            6 = 2&amp;4
            7 = 3&amp;4
            8 = 234

    1071.   Taxes or tribute paid on Transactions [52]
    ?/4A
    **      . = Missing data
     12     1 = None
            2 = Sales
      1     3 = Tolls
            4 = 2&amp;3
            5 = Parastatals
            6 = 5&amp;2 and/or 3
            7 = Other: _________

       Data from "A Cross-Cultural Historical Analysis of Subsistence
       Change" by Candice Bradley, Carmella C. Moore, Michael L. Burton,
       and Douglas R. White.  1990.  <a href="http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.1990.92.2.02a00120">American Anthropologist, 92:2:447-457</a>
       (June 1990).

      "Reproduced by permission of the American Anthropological Association
       from AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 92:2, June 1990.  Not for further
       reproduction."

       This project was funded by NSF grant BNS-83-04782 to Michael Burton
       and Douglas White and by NSF grant BNS-85-07685 to Douglas White and
       Michael Burton.

     STDS49.DAT Variables 1072 - 1085
    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds49.DES">Description of study</a>
    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds49.rel">Reliability of study variables</a>

1072.  Date of Observation

     99    . = Missing data

1073.  Change in 100 years prior to observation

     99    . = Missing data
     14    0 = No change
     73    1 = Change as result of world-system contact
      0    2 = Change, but not result of world-system contact

1074.  Extent of Change in Subsistence or Supportive System

     99    . = Missing data
     14    0 = No change
     65    1 = Partial
      6    2 = Total Change in subsistence system
      2    3 = Total Change: anihilation

1075.  Agricultural Intensification: Increase in inputs without increasing
       Land area of Food Production

    100    . = Missing data
     57    0 = No change/Not applicable
     29    1 = Change in intensification

1076.  Non-agricultural Intensification

    101    . = Missing data
     71    0 = No change/Not applicable
     14    1 = Change in intensification

1077.  New Crops

    101    . = Missing data
     62    0 = No
     23    1 = Yes

1078.  New Animals

    101    . = Missing data
     70    0 = No
     15    1 = Yes
1079.  Change in Settlement Patterns

    101    . = Missing data
     67    0 = No change/Not applicable
     18    1 = Change in settlement patterns

1080.  Expansion of Land utilized in Subsistence or Supportive Practices

    105    . = Missing data
     64    0 = No change/Not applicable
     17    1 = Change in expansion

1081.  Major Loss of Subsistence Mode

     99    . = Missing data
     60    0 = No change/Not applicable
     27    1 = Major loss

1082.  Wage Labor Introduced

    101    . = Missing data
     58    0 = No
     27    1 = Yes

1083.  Wage Labor Increased

    100    . = Missing data
     64    0 = No
     22    1 = Yes

1084.  Introduction to Trade

    101    . = Missing data
     63    0 = No
     22    1 = Yes

1085.  Trade Increased

    100    . = Missing data
     53    0 = No
     33    1 = Yes



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds50.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
     WORLD SYSTEM TURBULENT CHANGE
     STDS50.DAT 1086,-1112 White and Burton, NSF coding project, coders
     Candice Bradley, Carmella C. Moore, Douglas R. White

    Finished Variable Codebook    Filename: TURB.COD       Diskette: Worldsys
    from 3-21-87 7:50p
                                  VERSION: ( )A1 ( )A2 ( )B ( )C other( )____
    VERSIONS ARE LISTED
    A1/2 First                    Society Name: _____________ Number: _______
    ** means A has, C doesn't
    C Second                      Needs Addl Research ( )Y ( )N on Questions:
    * means C has, A doesn't
                                  Coding Problems:____________________________

1086.  Date of Observation (Pinpointed) [20]
    Cover       _____

1087.  Political Entities Conquored, Colonized or Displaced
        in last 100 Years (earlier conquests in footnotes) [21]
    1E/F
    2A     . = Missing data
     40    0 = None
           1 = Peaceful colonization or displacement (expansionist
               migration, assimilation or intermarriage)
      9    2 = Warlike expansion and displacement without conquest or
               colonization
      1    3 = Conquest but not colonization     distance:______
      2    4 = Conquest and colonization          distance:______


1088.  Frequency of successful expansions into another society
       in past 100 years
       [22]
    */1F
    2A     . = Missing data
     41    0 = None
      2    1 = Once
      4    2 = Several times - no more than 4 = episodes
      6    3 = Very frequent or continual
1089.  Estimate of Distance to Furthest Society Conquored: [24]
    */1F
    2A     . = Missing data
     42    0 = None
           1 = Neighboring
      1    2 = Less than two hundred miles (10-200) but not neighboring
      2    3 = Over 200 miles, same continent
           4 = Different Continents

1090.  Society was Conquored, Colonized or Displaced by political entities
       in last 100 Years prior to observation (note earlier conquests) [25] <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/courses/SCCS50.sav">download SCCS50.sav</a>
    2B
    *      . = Missing data
     11    0 = None
      4    1 = Peaceful colonization or displacement (expansionist
               migration, assimilation, intermarriage or annexation with
               effective sovereignty and administration)
      2    2 = Warlike expansion and displacement without conquest or
               colonization
      7    3 = Conquest but not colonization     distance: ________
     17    4 = Conquest and colonization         distance: ________
      2    5 = Colonization but not conquest     distance: ________

1091.  Frequency of successful expansions into this society in past 100 years
    2B     [26]
    *      . = Missing data
     15    0 = None
      9    1 = Once
      6    2 = Several times - no more than 4 = episodes
      7    3 = Very frequent or continual

1092.  Catastrophic Shifts Causing Depopulation (last 50 years): [35]
    2L
    5A     . = Missing data
     25    1 = None
      1    2 = Animal Disease (* if non-domestic)
           3 = Crop Disease
     21    4 = Human ( ) Disease ( ) Starvation ( ) Warfare with State Level
                     ( ) Intensification of Local (esp. Non-State) Warfare
      1    5( ) 2&amp;3
      4    6( ) 2&amp;4   7( ) 3&amp;4    8(  ) All three

1093.  Number of Years prior to observation for beginning of problem(s) causing
depopulation [36]
    2L
    5A     . = Missing data
     31    0 = None                 Population: ________
     24      _____

1094.  Number of Years prior to observation for ending of problem(s) [37]
       causing depopulation (i.e., before population stable or increasing)
    2L
    5A     . = Missing data
     17    0 = None                 Population: ________
     13    1 = Had not recovered
      1    &lt; = less than 10 years before observation
      1    &gt; = less than 10 years after observation
      4      _____

1095.  Percentage of Population Lost (100% minus popul in 37 as % of that in
36)[38]
    2L
    5A     . = Missing data
     39    0 = None
     17      _____

1096.  Percentage Recovery (popul at observation in 39a as % of that in 36)
[39]
    *
    **     . = Missing data
     11    0 = None
      7    1 = Had not recovered
     ??      _____

1097.  Population at date of observation: [39a]
1098.  Population at date of observation: [39a]
1099.  Population at date of observation: [39a]
           . = Missing data
               _____ persons

1100.  Societal Migration or Relocation in past 100 years [40]
    2M
    5B     . = Missing data
     27    1 = None
          1a   Movement restricted by pre-state groups
      4    2 = Voluntary Migration, not the effect of world market
          2a   Forced migration by pre-state groups
      6    3 = Voluntary migration as a world market response
          3a   Movement restricted by state-level groups
          3b   Voluntary migration a world system not world market response
     14    4 = Forced Migration as a result of colonial power of state

1101.  Other Societal Migration, Relocation or Settlement in past 500 years
[41]
    2M
    5B     . = Missing data
     25    1 = None
          1a   Movement restricted by pre-state groups
      4    2 = Voluntary Migration, not the effect of world market
          2a   Forced migration by pre-state groups (give reason in #44)
      2    3 = Voluntary migration as a world market response
          3a   Movement restricted by state-level groups
          3b   Voluntary migration a world system not world market response
     12    4 = Forced Migration as a result of colonial power of state

1102.  Time in New location until date of observation [42]
    2M
    5B     . = Missing data
     29    0 = None                     problem: what if relatively
     26      ______  years           continuous over a period (e.g. Kikuyu)?
1103.  Distance Migrated (miles) [43]
    2M
    5B     . = Missing data
     37    0 = None
     16      ____ miles; Other: ______

1104.  Reason for Migration or Relocation [44]
    2M
    5B     . = Missing data
     28    0 = N.A.
           1 =
      4    2 = Expansion to new areas due to population pressure,
           *   intensification
           3 = Expansion to depopulated areas
      1    4 = Expansive, in conflict with other groups, trade access
      3    5 = Defensive, in peaceful competition with other groups
      8    6 = Defensive, in violent conflict with other groups
      5    7 = Gvmt resettlement for labor, pacification, colonizing,
           *   agriculture
      3    8 = Other: _______

1105.  Effects of Relocation on (a) trade or position in world system;
    2N (b) gender roles; (c) Social Structure, Land tenure, etc. (REVISE) [45]
    5C
      5    . = Missing data
     29    0 = N.A.
      8    1 = Positive Effect (e.g., Trade Networks Expanded)
      3    2 = Little or None
      1    3 = Transformation of agriculture to private ownership
      1    4 = Increased stratification, warfare (e.g., due to horse)
      1    5 = Grouped into villages to resist attack
      1    6 = Weakened
      3    7 = Displaced trad'l groups, or fragmentation into smaller groups
      3    8 = Disrupted lifestyle or subsistence base

1106.  Reservation or Reserve Status at time of Observation [46]
    2O/2P----v
    5D     . = Missing data
     35    0 = No
     10    1 b Granted Original lands, right to live there and move about
          1b b Granted "current" lands, as above, but migrations restricted
      1    2 c Original Lands; must carry pass or id when not there
           3 d Original Lands; No right to live elsewhere permanently
      4    4 abResettlement on Marginal Lands: right to live there and
               move about
           5 acResettlement; must carry pass or id when not there
      1    6 adResettlement; No right to live elsewhere permanently

1107.  Society unintentionally caught up in state level warfare [47]
    4C?/*
    5E     . = Missing data     War:_________
     29    1 = No               Dates:_______
      3    2 = Yes, minor       Involvement:___________
      2    3 = Yes, moderate
      4    4 = Yes, major
      1    6   ?

1108.  Years before (or after) observation when warfare first stopped [58]
1109.  Years before (or after) observation when warfare first stopped [58]
    4C/B
    6B
       . = Missing data
       0 = No Warfare to Restrict OR                             0
       1 = Warfare not restricted                               11
       2 = Warfare informally restricted                         1
       _____ years ( ) before ( ) after observation (check one)  9
       ( ) if gradual reduction beginning at this date

1110.  Restrictions on Warfare in effect at time of observation (including
       restriction by sheer influx of colonists or settlers) [59]
    4C/B
    6B     . = Missing data
     11    0 = No Warfare to Restrict
     14    1 = Warfare present and not restricted
           2 = Warfare discouraged but not stopped
     13    3 = Warfare restricted and reduced but not stopped
     15    4 = Warfare restricted and stopped ( ) check here if defensive only
               ( ) if restricted by influx of colonists or settlers

1111.  Effects of restriction above (either) on Men and Women [60]
    4D/C
    6C     . = Missing data
     11    0 = No Warfare to Restrict
     11    1 = Warfare not restricted
      4    2 = No or little Effect (e.g.,had been fairly peaceful, or
               battles prearranged)
      1    3 = Women not enslaved, men not killed
      1    4 = Men's trade up, women's contribution reduced
      1    5 = More feasting among men
      3    6 = Men's labor free for cash cropping, wage labor, or agriculture,
               animal husbandry
      2    7 = New means of dispute settlement, including reliance on new govt.
      1    8 = Broke up age grading
      2    9 = Broke up stratification, slavery, or political stratification
           * = Other ______

1112.  Number or Type of Turbulent Changes

           . = Missing data
      8    0 = None
      5    1 = Migration
      4    2 = Disease and Depopulation
      3    3 = Conquest
      5    4 = Conquest and Colonization (SHOULD COUNT AS TWO!)
      2    5 = Resettlement on Reservation or Land Grant
      8    6 = Two of the above
      8    7 = Three of the above
      9    8 = Four of the above
      2    9 = Five of the above



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds51.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
WORLD SYSTEM FRONTIER CHARACTERISTICS
     STDS51.DAT 1113,-1114 White and Burton
    SEE CONTACT.COD
    from 3-22-87 12:36

1113.  Contact Characteristics, regardless of Advancing Frontier,
1114.  Advancing Frontier - movement of people or cultural shift -
       . =  Missing data
       1 = No - absent
       2 = Miners, Rubber extractors, Labor recruiters
       3 = Traders, irregardless of 2, and govt' officials
       4 = Extensive labor recruitment
       5 = Missions, irregardless of 3: Traders, Gov't officials
       6 = New Settlers
       7 = Symbiotic - no advancing frontier - settled by outsiders
       *   long ago, focal group resides in marginal area

    where codes differ, 1st code is characteristics present,
                        2nd code those that have impacted as frontier



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds52.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
WORLD SYSTEM CONTACT
     STDS52.DAT 1115 White and Burton

     Finished Variable Codebook      Filename: CONTACT   Diskette: Worldsys
    made from 3-22-87 1:08p        FRONTIER / CONTACT  datasets
                                 VERSION: ( )A1 ( )A2 ( )B ( )C other( )____
    VERSIONS ARE LISTED
    A1/2 First                       Society Name: _____________ Number:
_______
    ** means A has, C doesn't
    C Second                         Needs Addl Research ( )Y ( )N on
Questions:
    * means C has, A doesn't
____________________________________________
                                 Coding Problems:____________________________

       Date of Observation (Pinpointed)
    Cover       _____

   .  Type of Contact [34]

    129    . = Missing data
      4 ?  0 =
    2A3    1 = Military expedition
    3A     2 = Military-explorers
      7    3 = Peaceful Explorers
      1    4 = Administrators or Diplomats
      4    5 = Missionaries
      9    6 = Traders or trappers
           7 = Slave Traders
      1    8 = Scholars
      3        Mixed - without missionaries [27, 34, 36]
      4        Mixed - with missionaries [15, 25, 35]

1113. Current Contact Characteristics, regardless of Advancing Frontier

    133    . = Missing data
           1 = None
     10    2 = Traders, irregardless of 2, and govt' officials
      1    3 = Extensive labor recruitment
      3    4 = Miners, Rubber extractors, Labor recruiters
     27    5 = Missions, irregardless of 3: Traders, Gov't officials
     11    6 = New Settlers
      1    7 = Symbiotic - no advancing frontier - settled by outsiders long
               ago, focal group reside in marginal area

1114. Advancing Frontier - Contact charateristics -- movement of people or
      cultural shift - code 1 if absent. Where codes differ, 1st code is
      characteristics present, 2nd code those that have impacted as frontier

    133    . = Missing data
     10    1 = No
      8    2 = Traders, irregardless of 2, and govt' officials
      2    3 = Extensive labor recruitment
      8    4 = Miners, Rubber extractors, Labor recruiters
     14    5 = Missions, irregardless of 3: Traders, Gov't officials
      7    6 = New Settlers
      1    7 = Symbiotic - no advancing frontier - settled by outsiders long
               ago, focal group reside in marginal area

1115.  Non-indigenous peoples living in the Society [31]

    *      . = Missing data
    2E     0 = None
             Yes: ________________________, ______________________

    .  First Known Contact With Non-Local State-Level Entity (within home area)
       [32]
    2A     . = Missing data
    3A     Am America                                 Ja Japan
           Au Australia                               Ma Mali (Islamic Kingdom)
           Br Britain                                 No Norway
           Ch Chinese                                 Nr Norsemen
           Eg Egypt                                   Po Portugal
           Es Europeans from S or SW Africa           Ru Russians
           Et Ethiopia                                Sn Sweden
           Fr French                                  Sp Spain
           Gr Germany                                 Sw Swahili
                       __ Other: __________

    .  Number of Years prior to Observation [33]

           . = Missing data
    2A4   ______
    3A  Check: Date of Contact = Variable 27



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds53.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
POPULATION CODES FOR THE STANDARD SAMPLE

Douglas R. White

     STDS53.DAT

     These data are mostly from Standard Sample pinpointing sheets (White and
     Murdock, World Cultures 4#4); 14 cases are from coded the Ethnographic
     Atlas, as noted.

1122.  log10 of Total Population

     10    . = Missing data
      2    1 = 10-99
     20    2 = 100-999
     45    3 = 1000-9999
     32    4 = 10000-99999
     35    5 = 100000-999999
     17    6 = 1000000-9999999
      8    7 = 10000000-99999999
      1    8 = 100000000-999999999



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds54.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
TYPE OF AGRICULTURE

Frederic L. Pryor, 1985. The Invention of the Plow. Comparative
    Studies in Society and History 27: 740-744.

Frederic L. Pryor, 1984. The Transition to Agriculture: Some
    Empirical Evidence. Ms.

    These data are reprinted with permission of the author and the publisher.
     (c) University of Cambridge Press.

STDS54.DAT Variables 1123 - 1131
     <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds54.DES">Description of study</a>
     <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds54.rel">Reliability of study variables</a>

1123.  Major Agricultural Staple

      2    . = Missing Data
     38    0 = Agriculture not practiced or confined to non-food crops
      1   10 = Buckwheat
     14   11 = Wheat
      4   12 = Barley
     15   13 = Millet
     30   14 = Sorghum
      9   15 = Maize
     10   16 = Dry Rice
      9   17 = Wet Rice
      1   18 = Rye
      1   19 = Teff

      9   21 = Yam
     10   22 = Taro or Okuma
      4   23 = White Potato
     16   24 = Cassava (Manioc)
      2   25 = Sweet Potato
     12   26 = Tubers in general

      4   31 = Bananas or Plantains
      2   32 = Breadfruit
      2   33 = Coconut
      1   34 = Ensete
          35 = Sago and other Palms
          36 = Pandanus

      1   40 = Industrial Crops, e.g., cotton

1124.  Agricultural Staple Data Quality: Inferences

     40    . = Missing Data
    137    0 = Good data
      9    1 = Inferential


1125.  Second Agricultural Staple

      2    . = Missing Data
     38    0 = Agriculture not practiced or confined to non-food crops
    117    1 = No secondary agricultural staple
          10 = Buckwheat
          11 = Wheat
      2   12 = Barley
      2   13 = Millet
      5   14 = Sorghum
      3   15 = Maize
      2   16 = Dry Rice
      3   17 = Wet Rice
          18 = Rye
          19 = Teff

          21 = Yam
      1   22 = Taro or Okuma
      1   23 = White Potato
      3   24 = Cassava (Manioc)
          25 = Sweet Potato
          26 = Tubers in general

      3   31 = Bananas or Plantains
          32 = Breadfruit
          33 = Coconut
          34 = Ensete
      3   35 = Sago and other Palms
      1   36 = Pandanus

          40 = Industrial Crops, e.g., cotton

1126.  Second Agricultural Staple Data Quality: Inferences

     40    . = Missing Data
    143    0 = Good data
      3    1 = Inferential

1127.  Crop Type Plow-Positive or -Negative

      2    . = Missing Data
     38    0 = Agriculture not practiced or confined to non-food crops
    112    1 = Plow-negative (Millet, Sorghum, Maize, Dry Rice,
           *   Root/Tree Crops)
     34    2 = Plow-positive (Buckwheat, Wheat, Barley, Wet Rice, Rye,
           *   Teff, Industrial Crops)


1128.  Cropping Index (Rough indicator of Fallowing) for Major Crops
       Percentage of total land used for major crops used in any given year
       (Tree crops are considered to have no fallow)

     24    . = Missing Data
     38    0 = Agriculture not practiced or confined to non-food crops
     22    1 = less than 10% of land used per year
     26    2 = 10% - 29% of land used per year
     15    3 = 30% - 49% of land used per year
     32    4 = 50% - 99% of land used per year
     29    5 = 100% or more of land used per year,
               (over 100% due to double cropping)

1129.  Cropping Index Data Quality: Inferences

     62    . = Missing Data
     94    0 = Good data
     30    1 = Inferential


1130.  Population Density

           . = Missing Data
     51    2 = less than 1 per square mile
     28    3 =   1 -   4.9 per square mile
     35    4 =   5 -  24.9 per square mile
     37    5 =  25 -  99.9 per square mile
     24    6 =  99 - 499.9 per square mile
     11    7 = 500 or more per square mile

1131.  Population Density Data Quality: Inferences

           . = Missing Data
    146    0 = Good data
     40    1 = Inferential



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds55.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
STATE ORGANIZATION

George Peter Murdock, 1957. World Ethnographic Sample. American
    Anthropologist 59: 664-687.

STDS55.DAT

1132.  POLITICAL INTEGRATION (WES COL 15; EA VAR 89)

     12    . = Missing data
     48    0 = Insufficient information, or not coded
     10    1 = Absence, even at local level
     46    2 = Autonomous local communities (not &gt; 1,500)
      4    3 = Peace groups transcending local community
     27    4 = Minimal States (1500-10,000)
      9    5 = Little States (10,000-100,000)
     22    6 = States (at least 100,000)
      8    8 = Dependent societies



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds56.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
DESPOTISM AND HAREM SIZE

Laura Betzig. 1986.  Despotism and Differential Reproduction: A Darwinian
    View of History.  New York: Aldine.  Introductions and explanations of the
    variables by the author were published in World Cultures, 1988, Volume 4,
    Number 4.

    Reprinted with permission of the author and Aldine Publishing Company.
     (c) 1986 Aldine Publishing Company.

STDS56.DAT Variables 1133 - 1135
     <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds56.DES">Description of study</a>
     <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds56.rel">Reliability of study variables</a>

1133.  Maximum Harem Size: Simultaneous conjugal relations with
       concubines and wives which the individual at the head of the
       social hierarchy (or, where there is no hierarchy, the most
       polygynous man), enjoys.

     88    . = Missing data
     40    1 = 3 conjugal relationships or less
     37    2 = 4-10 conjugal relationships
     13    3 = 11-100 conjugal relationships
      8    4 = More than 100 conjugal relationships

1134.  Despotic Bias in Conflict Resolution: Degree of Despotism, or the
       extent to which one individual, at the head of the social
       hierarchy, is able to exploit his position of strength when a
       conflict of interest arises, effecting a biased result in his
       favor.  It does not include such asymmetry over slaves nor over
       members of the household.
     82    . = Missing data
     90    1 = Despotism absent: bias in the resolution of individual
           *   conflicts is not extreme, usually being effected by
           *   differences in strength, kinship connections, or wealth
           *   between the individuals involved.

     14    2 = Despotism present: Conflicts of interest among individuals
           *   are resolved with extreme bias, one individual being
           *   immune from sanction or even from accusation for major
           *   offenses (such as murder), while the other may incur
           *   severe punishment, even death, for trivial offenses (such
           *   as insult), or for no reason at all.

1135.  Jurisdictional Perquisites: A measure of the extent to which
       individuals in the jurisdictional hierarchy exploit their
       positions to accrue rewards in the form of fines, bribes, and
       confiscations, in connection with dispute resolution.
    152    . = Missing data
     25    1 = Perquisites are small, the reward in a single case being
           *   roughly less than a bride price or a bride.
      9    2 = Perquisites are substantial, reward in a single case is
           *   roughly greater than or equal to a bride price or a bride.



     <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds57.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
DIVORCE

Laura Betzig.  1989.  Causes of Conjugal Dissolution: A Cross-Cultural
    Study.  Current Anthropology 30: 654-676.

    Reprinted with permission of the author and the Editor of Current
    Anthropology.

     STDS57.DAT  Variables 1136 - 1163 - deals with causes listed under
     Infidelity (III), Infertility (IV), Personality (V), and Economics (VI)
     <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds57.DES">Description of study</a>
     <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds57.rel">Reliability of study variables</a>

     STDS58.DAT deals with causes listed under Conflicts with In-Laws (VII),
     Ritual (VIII), Absence or Desertion (IX), Health (X), and Politics (XI)

1136.  Divorce Causes- Infidelity: Adultery                            a   1
1137.  Divorce Causes- Infidelity: Lack of Virginity                   v  25
1138.  Divorce Causes- Infidelity: Polygamy                            p   8
1139.  Divorce Causes- Infidelity: Cruelty or Maltreatment             c   3
1140.  Divorce Causes- Infidelity: Disobedience or Disrespect          d  14
1141.  Divorce Causes- Infidelity: Repressiveness                      r  37
1142.  Divorce Causes- Infidelity: Jealousy                            j  25
1143.  Divorce Causes- Infidelity: Another lover                       l   6
1144.  Divorce Causes- Infertility: Sterility                          s   2
1145.  Divorce Causes- Infertility: Sexual Neglect                     n  13
1146.  Divorce Causes- Infertility: Refusal to have Sex                r  17
1147.  Divorce Causes- Infertility: Death of Children                  d  14
1148.  Divorce Causes- Infertility: Old Age                            o  21
1149.  Divorce Causes- Infertility: Absence of Male Children           m  31
1150.  Divorce Causes- Infertility: Exchange wife has too few children e  37
1151.  Divorce Causes- Personality: Mutual Consent                     m   5
1152.  Divorce Causes- Personality: Displeasingness                    d   4
1153.  Divorce Causes- Personality: Quarrelsomeness or Talkativeness   q  17
1154.  Divorce Causes- Personality: Bad Temper                         b  18
1155.  Divorce Causes- Personality: Other Personality Problems         o  37
1156.  Divorce Causes- Economic: Laziness                              l   7
1157.  Divorce Causes- Economic: Inadequate Support                    s  12
1158.  Divorce Causes- Economic: Inadequate Housing                    h  31
1159.  Divorce Causes- Economic: Inadequate Food                       f  25
1160.  Divorce Causes- Economic: Inadequate Clothing                   c  31
1161.  Divorce Causes- Economic: Inadequate Food Preparation           p  25
1162.  Divorce Causes- Economic: Inadequately serving Spouse           v  22
1163.  Divorce Causes- Economic: Other Economic Problems               o  37

       . = Missing Data
       0 = Not mentioned as cause of divorce
       * = Cause of Divorce Attributed to:
       1 = Husband
       2 = Both
       3 = Unspecified
       4 = Wife



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds58.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
DIVORCE,  Continued

    Laura Betzig. 1989. Causes of Conjugal Dissolution: A Cross-Cultural
    Study. Current Anthropology 30: 654-676.

    Reprinted with permission of the author and the Editor of Current
    Anthropology.

      STDS57.DAT deals with causes listed under Infidelity (III), Infertility
      (IV), Personality (V), and Economics VI)

      STDS58.DAT Variables 1164 - 1178 deals with causes listed under Conflicts
    with In-Laws (VII), Ritual (VIII), Absence or Desertion (IX), Health (X),
    and Politics (XI)
     <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds58.DES">Description of study</a>
     <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds58.rel">Reliability of study variables</a>

1164.  Divorce Causes- In-Law Conflicts: Conflicts with in-laws        c   8
1165.  Divorce Causes- In-Law Conflicts: Inadequately serving in-laws  s  22
1166.  Divorce Causes- In-Law Conflicts: Bridewealth or Dowry Disputes b  25
1167.  Divorce Causes- In-Law Conflicts: Disrespect for in-Laws        d  34
1168.  Divorce Causes- In-Law Conflicts: Spouse Favors Kin             k  22
1169.  Divorce Causes- In-Law Conflicts: Other In-Law Problems         o  37
1170.  Divorce Causes- Ritual: Witchcraft or Sorcery                   w  16
1171.  Divorce Causes- Ritual: Broken Taboo                            t  25
1172.  Divorce Causes- Ritual: Bad Dream of Omen                       d  35
1173.  Divorce Causes- Ritual: Other Ritual Problems                   o  37
1174.  Divorce Causes- Absence or Desertion:                           a  10
1175.  Divorce Causes- Health:                                         h  11
1176.  Divorce Causes- Politics: Theft                                 t  18
1177.  Divorce Causes- Politics: Confiction or Incarceration           c  35
1178.  Divorce Causes- Politics: Other Political Problems              o  37

       . = Missing Data
       0 = Not mentioned as cause of divorce
       * = Cause of Divorce Attributed to:
       1 = Husband
       2 = Both
       3 = Unspecified
       4 = Wife



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds59.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
RAPE

Patricia D. Roze-Koker. 1987. Cross-Cultural Codes on Seven Types of Rape
Behavior Science Research 21: 101-117.

STDS59.DAT

       Variables 1179-1187 use the following definitions, designed to
       clarify instances of rape that would be "hidden" by Western or
       male-oriented definitions of rape.  By these definitions, all of
       the societies in the sample coded had one or more types of rape -

       Rape: Genital contact that is unchosen by the woman, as indicated
       by one or more of (a) statement that female is given no choice in
       the matter, (b) use or threat of force or coercion, (c) presence
       of multiple males with one (or few) females, (d) contact is
       described as physically painful, or would be thought to be so, or
       when the contact has consequences which would indicate
       painfulcontact, such as loss of consciousness or death, (e) when
       nonparticipation would result in some form of punishment or other
       negative outcomes

           . = Missing data or genital contact by uncertain as to whether
               the female lacked choice, or no description of one or more
               of the following: sex offenses, sexual deviance,
               sexuality, marital relations, and ceremonies
           0 = Absent if lack of choice but no genital contact, or
               contact that is chosen or consented to by the female.
               Inferred if unchosen genital contact is not mentioned but
               there is a description of sex offenses, sexual deviance,
               sexuality, marital relations and ceremonies
           1 = Present if (1) a female experiences genital contact
               (includes buttocks) from a male using penis, fingers, or
               objects, and (2) such contact involves a lack of choice on
               the part of the female

1179.  Non-Normative Rape: Unchosen Genital Contact, Socially Disapproved

    160    . = Missing data, including cases where rape is present but it
               is uncertain whether there is any non-normative rape
      4    0 = Absent: if rape is present, it is always normative
               (approved, not considered illegal, immoral or deviant, and
               offenders go unpunished)
     22    1 = Present: some rapes are (a) publically disapproved, or (b)
           *   the genital contact is considered illegal, immoral, or
           *   deviant, or (c) offenders are punished

1180.  Normative Rape: Unchosen Genital Contact, Socially Approved
    151    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Absent: if rape is present, it is always non-normative
               (disapproved, considered illegal, immoral and deviant, and
               offenders are punished
     34    1 = Present: some rapes are (a) publically approved, or (b)
           *   the genital contact is considered legal, moral, or non-
           *   deviant, or (a) offenders go unpunished

1181.  Marital (Normative) Rape

    169    . = Missing data: no description of marriage rituals and subsequent
               sexual relations within marriage
      3    0 = Absent: description of marriage rituals and subsequent sexual
               relations within marriage, but marital rape not mentioned
     14    1 = Present: unchosen genital contact at consummation or
           *   subsequently (excludes virginity tests)

1182.  Exchange (Normative) Rape

    152    . = Missing data: no accounts of social practices
      9    0 = Absent: accounts of social practices, but no exchange rape
     25    1 = Present: males use genital contact [unchosen by female] as
           *   a bargaining tool as in woman-exchange, woman-sharing,
           *   woman-loaning, women as stakes in gaming, or trading
           *   female genital contact for money, services of another
           *   woman, or as a conciliatory gift

1183.  Punitive (Normative) Rape
    153    . = Missing data: no accounts of social practices
     10    0 = Absent: accounts of social practices, but no punitive rape
     23    1 = Present: unchosen genital contact the vehicle by which a
           *   woman is punished or disciplined for (a) going against
           *   male authority, or (b) breaking social rules, or (c)
           *   scorning or rejecting a male who has "rightful" access to
           *   her, or for any other discernible discliplinary purpose.
           *   Includes situations where a husband punishes his wife by
           *   sending her to the men's house to be "common property" to
           *   all males therein, either permanently or temporarily

1184.  Theft (Normative) Rape
    158    . = Missing data: no accounts of social practices
     12    0 = Absent: accounts of social practices, but no theft rape
     16    1 = Present: either (a) women involuntarily abducted from
           *   their places of residence to be used primarily or
           *   secondarily as sexual (or reproductive) objects, as in
           *   capture of women a slaves, prostitutes, or concubines, or
           *   "spoils of war," wife-or woman stealing, marriage
           *   commissions, adbudctions and raiding for wives, or (b)
           *   unchosen genital contact accomplished by stealth, as in
           *   sleepcrawling or nightcrawling.

1185.  Ceremonial (Normative) Rape

    153    . = Missing data: no accounts of ceremonial practices
     27    0 = Absent: accounts of ceremonial practices, but no
           *   ceremonial rape
      6    1 = Present: unchosen genital contact in ceremonies such as
           *   (a) defloration rituals (includes virginity tests), (b)
           *   manhood rituals require a male to gain sexual experience,
           *   even if the female is unwilling, (c) sexual intercourse as
           *   part of the ceremony where females are expected to
           *   participate as a matter of course, willing or not

1186.  Status (Normative) Rape
    151    . = Missing data: not applicable, since coded present or
           *   absent from the "unclassifiable" category
     24    0 = Absent: if not originally coded as "unclassifiable"
     11    1 = Present: unchosen genital contact as a result of acknow-
           *   ledged differences in status between the individuals in-
           *   volved, such as a master and slave, chief and clanswoman,
           *   nobleman and commoner, or priest and parishioner

1187.  Unclassifiable Normative Rape
    151    . = Missing data: not applicable, since coded present or
     28    0 = Absent: if all instances of normative rape classified
      7    1 = Present: some instances of normative rape unclassified



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds60.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
EVIL EYE

John M. Roberts, 1976. Belief in the Evil Eye in World Perspective. In
    Clarence Maloney, ed. The Evil Eye. Columbia University Press.  pp. 223-
    278.

    Copyright c.(1976) Columbia University Press, New York.  Used by
    permission.

STDS60.DAT Variables 1188 - 1189
     <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds60.DES">Description of study</a>
     <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds60.rel">Reliability of study variables</a>

    No Definition of evil eye is given in this chapter, but see other
    chapters of the book.

1188.  Evil Eye Scaled Rating:

      1    1 = Absent, incontrovertibly
     45    2 = Absent, almost certainly
     46    3 = Absent, probably
     27    4 = Absent, possibly
      8    5 = Present, possibly
     13    6 = Present, probably
     16    7 = Present, almost certainly
     30    8 = Present, incontrovertibly

1189.  Evil Eye Belief

    119    0 = Absent
     67    1 = Present



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds61.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
    KIN AVOIDANCE

    Douglas R. White. n.d. Kinship Avoidance. Codes compiled and recoded
    from unpublished kinship sheets by G. P. Murdock.

    STDS61.DAT Variables 1190 - 1225
     <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds61.DES">Description of study</a>
     <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds61.rel">Reliability of study variables</a>

    Kin Avoidance defined as reciprocal communicative avoidance:
    neither on can talk to the other.

1190.  Sororate
1191.  Levirate

       . = Missing data
       0 = Not Present in either optional or obligatory form
       1 = Junior sibling only (WyZ, HyB)
       2 = Half sibling only
       3 = Full Sororate or Levirate

1192.  Structurally Opposed Kin Groups

           . = Missing data
           0 = Localized kin groups, not effectively exogamous
           1 = Nonlocalized kin groups, not effectively exogamous
           2 = Localized kin groups, effective kin exogamy
           3 = Nonlocalized kin groups, effective kin exogamy
           4 = Segmentary Organization
           5 = Quasi-unilineal kin groups, effective kin exogamy

1193.  Exogamous Nonlocalized Descent Groups

           . = Missing data
           0 = Bilateral (with second degree exogamy)
           1 = Nonexclusive ambilineal
           2 = Exclusive ambilineal
           3 = Exclusive unilineal
           4 = Quasi-unilineal

1194.  Indirect Exchange of Wives

           . = Missing data
           0 = Direct exchange, i.e., duo- or patrilateral cross-cousin
               marriage, sister exchange, or symmetric exchange
           1 = No first or second cross-cousin marriage
           2 = Matrilateral second cross-cousin marriage tendency
           3 = Matrilateral first cross-cousin marriage tendency

1195.  Bridewealth

           . = Missing data
           0 = Dowry (even as alternate, e.g., Bd)
           1 = No exchange at marriage, and gift exchange or token
               bridewealth if descent not matrilineal
           2 = Gift exchange or token bridewealth if descent matrilineal
           3 = Brideprice or brideservice
           4 = Not Applicable: sister exchange

1196.  Avoidance: m-WBW  /*f-HZH    Wife's Brother's Wife
1197.  Avoidance: m-WM  */ f-DH     Mother-in-Law
1198.  Avoidance: m-WF  */ m-DH     Wife's Father
1199.  Avoidance: m-WB   /*f-ZH     Wife's Brother
1200.  Avoidance: m-WBD  /*f-FZH    Wife's Brother's Daughter
1201.  Avoidance: m-WeZ */ f-yZH    Wife's Sister
1202.  Avoidance: m-WyZ  /*f-eZH    Wife's Sister
1203.  Avoidance: m-WZD  / f-MZH    Wife's Sister's Daughter
1204.  Avoidance: f-HF  */ m-SW     Father-in-law
1205.  Avoidance: f-HM  */ m-SW     Husband's Mother
1206.  Avoidance: f-HZ  */ f-BW     Husband's Sister
1207.  Avoidance: f-HZS  /*m-MBW    Husband's Sister's Husband
1208.  Avoidance: f-HeB */ m-yBW    Husband's Brother
1209.  Avoidance: f-HyB */ m-eBW    Husband's Brother
1210.  Avoidance: f-HBS  /*m-FBW    Husband's Brother's Son
1211.  Avoidance: f-eB   /*m-yZ     Brother-Sister
1212.  Avoidance: m-eZ  */ f-YB     Brother-Sister
1213.  Avoidance: f-FS   /*m-FD     Half-Sibling
1214.  Avoidance: f-MS   /*m-MD     Half-Sibling
1215.  Avoidance: f-MeZS /*m-MyZD   Matrilateral Parallel Cousin
1216.  Avoidance: f-MyZS /*m-MeZD   Matrilateral Parallel Cousin
1217.  Avoidance: f-FeBS /*m-FyBD   Patrilateral Parallel Cousin
1218.  Avoidance: f-FyBS /*m-FeBD   Patrilateral Parallel Cousin
1219.  Avoidance: f-MBS  /*m-FZD    Patrilateral Cross-Cousin
1220.  Avoidance: f-FZS */ m-MBD    Matrilateral Cross-Cousin
1221.  Avoidance: m-FZS */ m-MBS    Male Cross-Cousins
1222.  Avoidance: f-FZD */ f-MBD    Female Cross-Cousins
1223.  Avoidance: m-FZ  */ f-BS     Paternal Aunt-Nephew
1224.  Avoidance: f-MB  */ m-ZD     Maternal Uncle-Neice
1225.  Avoidance: f-HZD */ m-MBW    Maternal Uncle's Wife

       . = Missing data
       0 = Absent
       1 = Present

    KINSHIP BEHAVIORS

    George P. Murdock.  1971. Cross-Sex Kinship Behavior. Ethnology 10:359-368. Cross-Cultural Codes in Barry and Schlegel 1980.

    STDS62.DAT Vars. 1126-1237 cross-sex kin behaviors

1226.  Sister and Brother
1227.  Wife's Mother and Daughter's Husband
1228.  Husband's Mother and Son's Wife
1229.  Mother's Brother's Wife and Husband's Sister's Son
1230.  Wife's Brother's Daughter and Father's Sister's Husband
1231.  Mother's Brother's Son and Father's Sister's Son
1232.  Father's Sister's Daughter and Mother's Brother's Son
1233.  Elder Brother's Wife and Husband's younger Brother
1234.  Younger Brother's Wife and Husband's elder Brother
1235.  Wife's elder Sister and younger Sister's Husband
1236.  Wife's younger Sister and elder Sister's Husband
1237.  Wife's Brother's Wife and Husband's Sister's Husband

       . = Missing data
       1 = Avoidance
       2 = Respect
       3 = Informality
       4 = Forbidden sex relations
       5 = Joking
       6 = Sex privleged relationship


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds62.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
MARRIAGE TRANSACTIONS

Alice Schlegel and Rohn Eloul. 1987 A New Coding of Marriage
    Transactions. Behavior Science Research 21: 118-140.

    STDS63B.COD
    STDS62.DAT

1238.  EA Marriage Transactions, Primary (Recoding Variable 208) Practice
1239.  EA Marriage Transactions, Secondary (Recoding Variable 209) Practice
1240.  Revised Marriage Transactions

       . = Missing data
       0 = None (secondary only)
       1 = Bride-Price
       2 = Bride-Service
       3 = Token Bride-Price
       4 = Gift Exchange
       5 = Woman Exchange
       6 = Absence
       7 = Dowry
       8 = Indirect Dowry or Bride-Price plus Dowry (Variable 1228)
       * = category 8 conceptually modifies Murdock's variables 208-209

    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds63.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
    FEMALE BEAUTY AND ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY CODES

    Judith L. Anderson, Charles B. Crawford, Joanne Nadeau, and Tracy Lindberg.
    1992 Was the Duchess of Windsor Right? A Cross-Cultural Review of the
    Socioecology of Ideals of Female Body Shape. ETHOLOGY AND SOCIOBIOLOGY 13:197-
    227.

      STDS63.DAT  Vars.   1248-1252 sexuality
     <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds63.DES">Description of study</a>
     <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds63.rel">Reliability of study variables</a>

1248.  FEMALE BODY TYPE CONSIDERED MOST ATTRACTIVE

    128    . = Missing Data
     20    1 = Plump or fat (original code 1)
      6    2 = (original code 1.5)
     20    3 = Moderate degree of fatness (original code 2)
     12    4 = Slim or slender (original code 3)

1249.  EXPOSURE OF ADOLESCENT GIRLS TO MALE SEXUAL ADVANCES

    137    . = Missing Data
      0    1 = Continuous formal chaperonage (original code 1)
      5    2 = Protection by adult groups (original code 2)
      2    3 = (original code 2.5)
     17    4 = Protection by parents only (original code 3)
      2    5 = Protection by peers (original code 4)
      1    6 = (original code 4.5)
     22    7 = No protection (original code 5)

1250.  CONSEQUENCES FOR ADOLESCENT GIRLS PREGNANT BEFORE MARRIAGE

    . comment:: in the original journal publication society 7 (Bemba) is listed
    with a score of 5 on this variable.  The correct code of 4 was substituted in
    STDS63.DAT

    136    . = Missing Data
      7    1 = No bad consequences; mother supported by family, community,
               and or father of baby (original code 1)
     12    2 = Illegitimacy disapproved. Parental disapproval, or hasty
               arrangement of marriage. No serious diminution of support
               (original code   2)
      6    3 = (original code 2.5)
     16    4 = Public disapproval, significant diminution of support
               (original code   3)
      2    5 = (original code 3.5)
      9    6 = Ostracism, permanent loss of status and support
               (original code   4)


1251.  DEGREE OF PUBLIC AWARENESS OF MENARCHE

    135    . = Missing Data
     16    1 = Only mother and daughter know, no public announcement
               (original code 1)
      7    2 = Family knowledge, recognition within family (original code 2)
      1    3 = (original code 2.5)
      5    4 = Quiet segregation and/or recognition among women outside
               family (original code 3)
      1    5 = (original code 3.5)
     21    6 = Public ceremony (original code 4)

1252.  AVERAGE NUMBER OF YEARS BETWEEN MENARCHE AND MARRIAGE.
    . comment: Where age of menarche not specificed, 14 years used as default

    135    . = Missing data
     10    1 = 0
      6    2 = 0.5 years
      8    3 = 1.0 years
      2    4 = 1.25 years
      1    5 = 1.5 years
      1    6 = 1.75 years
      2    7 = 2.0 years
      2    8 = 2.5 years
      3    9 = 3.0 years
      1   10 = 3.25 years
      1   11 = 3.5 years
      4   12 = 4.0 years
      1   13 = 4.25 years
      2   14 = 5.0 years
      3   15 = 5.5 years
      4   16 = 6.0 years


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds64.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
PATHOGEN STRESS CROSS-CULTURALLY: CODES

Bobbi S. Low.  1988. Pathogen Stress and Polygyny in Humans.
In, HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR: A DARWINIAN PERSPECTIVE.  (L. Betzig, M.
Borgerhoff Mulder, and P. Turke, eds.).  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pp. 115-127.
The for the odd-numbered SCCS societies were originally in this article.  The
STDS64.DAT contains scores the full sample.

STDS64.DAT  Vars. 1253-1260  Disease
     <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds64.DES">Description of study</a>
     <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds64.rel">Reliability of study variables</a>

1253.  LEISHMANIAS

    117    1 = Absent or not recorded
     35    2 = Present, no indication of severity
     34    3 = Present and serious, widespread, or endemic

1254.  TRYPANOSOMES

    134    1 = Absent or not recorded
     38    2 = Present, no indication of severity
     14    3 = Present and serious, widespread, or endemic

1255.  MALARIA

     55    1 = Absent or not recorded
     20    2 = Present, no indication of severity
    111    3 = Present and serious, widespread, or endemic

1256.  SCHISTOSOMES

    129    1 = Absent or not recorded
     16    2 = Present, no indication of severity
     41    3 = Present and serious, widespread, or endemic

1257.  FILARIAE

     89    1 = Absent or not recorded
      1    2 = Present, no indication of severity
     96    3 = Present and serious, widespread, or endemic

1258.  SPIROCHETES

     76    1 = Absent or not recorded
     45    2 = Present, no indication of severity
     65    3 = Present and serious, widespread, or endemic

1259.  LEPROSY

     70    1 = Absent or not recorded
     72    2 = Present, no indication of severity
     44    3 = Present and serious, widespread, or endemic

1260.  TOTAL PATHOGEN STRESS
     30    7 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 7
      9    8 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 8
      9    9 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 9
      4   10 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 10
     20   11 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 11
     20   12 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 12
     13   13 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 13
     20   14 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 14
     16   15 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 15
     16   16 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 16
      9   17 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 17
      9   18 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 18
      6   19 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 19
      3   20 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 20
      2   21 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 21


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds65.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
STARVATION AND FAMINE AMONG SCCS SOCIETIES: CODES

Robert Dirks. 1993. Starvation and Famine: Cross-Cultural and Some Hypothesis
Tests. CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH  27:28-69.  Variables 1261 to 1269 were
published in this article.  STDS65.DAT contains some scores that were reported
as missing in the article.  The scale for recurrence of famine (Variable 1269)
is revised and does not match the scale in the article. Variable 1270 was
previously unpublished.

      STDS65.DAT Vars. 1261-1270 Hunger and Famine
      <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds65.DES">Description of study</a>
      <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds65.rel">Reliability of study variables</a>


1261.  ORDINARY NUTRITIONAL CONDITIONS AND ENDEMIC STARVATION

     85    . = Missing data
     38    1 = Very Low
     35    2 = Low
     23    3 = High
      5    4 = Very High

1262.  OCCURRENCE OF SHORT-TERM STARVATION

     17    . = Missing Data
     21    1 = Low
    133    2 = Moderate
     15    3 = High

1263.  OCCURRENCE OF SEASONAL STARVATION

     18    . = Missing Data
     35    1 = Very Low
      5    2 = Low
     64    3 = Moderate
     29    4 = High
     35    5 = Very High

1264.  TEMPORAL CONTROL CODES FOR SEASONAL STARVATION

    123    . = Missing Data
      5    0 = Post-dates ethnographic present.
      4    1 = Remote: more than 20 years prior to the focus date.
     54    2 = Proximate: no more than 20 years prior to the focus date.

1265.  OCCURRENCE OF FAMINE

     16    . = Missing Data
     16    1 = Very Low
     28    2 = Low
     12    3 = High
    114    4 = Very High


1266.  TEMPORAL CONTROL CODES FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF FAMINE

     62    . = Missing Data
      6    0 = Post-dates ethnographic present.
      6    1 = Very Remote: more than 200 years prior to the focus date.
      4    2 = Remote: between 100 and 200 years prior to the focus date.
     27    3 = Proximate: between 20 and 100 years prior to focus date.
     81    4 = Very Proximate: within 20 years of focus date.

1267.  SEVERITY OF FAMINE

     76    . = Missing Data
     16    1 = Very Low
      7    2 = Low
     33    3 = High
     54    4 = Very High

1268.  PERSISTENCE OF FAMINE

     81    . = Missing Data
     29    1 = Low
     27    2 = Moderate
     49    3 = High

1269.  RECURRENCE OF FAMINE

     57    . = Missing Data
     28    1 = Low
     87    2 = Intermediate
     14    3 = High

1270.  CONTINGENCY OF FAMINE

     85    . = Missing Data
     16    0 = Absent
     13    1 = Low
     45    2 = Intermediate
     27    3 = High





    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds66.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
HOUSEHOLD DIVISION OF WORK 1

Candice Bradley. 1987. Women, Children and Work. Unpublished Ph.D.
dissertation. University of California, Irvine.  UMI 8893611.

    STDS66.DAT Vars. 1271-1305 Household division of work 1

1271.  ADULT LAND CLEARANCE--PRIMARY CROP

    115    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
     29    1 = Men Only
     13    2 = Men Predominant
      4    3 = Men and Women Equal
      3    4 = Women Predominant
      2    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      0    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      0    9 = Women, No Data on Men
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1272.  ADULT SOIL PREPARATION--PRIMARY CROP

    119    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
     21    1 = Men Only
     11    2 = Men Predominant
      6    3 = Men and Women Equal
      5    4 = Women Predominant
      4    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      0    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      0    9 = Women, No Data on Men
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1273.  ADULT PLANTING--PRIMARY CROP

    115    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
     10    1 = Men Only
      9    2 = Men Predominant
     10    3 = Men and Women Equal
     10    4 = Women Predominant
     10    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      1    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      1    9 = Women, No Data on Men
      1   10 = Slaves Only




1274.  ADULT CROP TENDING--PRIMARY CROP

    119    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
      6    1 = Men Only
      8    2 = Men Predominant
      8    3 = Men and Women Equal
     10    4 = Women Predominant
     15    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      0    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      0    9 = Women, No Data on Men
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1275.  ADULT HARVESTING--PRIMARY CROP

    115    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
      5    1 = Men Only
     11    2 = Men Predominant
     13    3 = Men and Women Equal
     12    4 = Women Predominant
     10    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      0    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      0    9 = Women, No Data on Men
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1276.  ADULT AGRICULTURAL TASK UNSPECIFIED--PRIMARY CROP

    147    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
      2    1 = Men Only
      7    2 = Men Predominant
      4    3 = Men and Women Equal
      5    4 = Women Predominant
      1    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      0    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      0    9 = Women, No Data on Men
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1277.  ADULT OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES--PRIMARY CROP

    166    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
      0    1 = Men Only
      0    2 = Men Predominant
      0    3 = Men and Women Equal
      0    4 = Women Predominant
      0    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      0    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      0    9 = Women, No Data on Men
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1278.  CHILD LAND CLEARANCE--PRIMARY CROP

    130    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
     13    1 = Boys Only
      3    2 = Boys Predominant
      5    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      0    4 = Girls Predominant
      3    5 = Girls Only
      5    6 = Not a Child's Task
      4    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      2    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      1    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1279.  CHILD SOIL PREPARATION--PRIMARY CROP

    133    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
     13    1 = Boys Only
      3    2 = Boys Predominant
      5    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      0    4 = Girls Predominant
      4    5 = Girls Only
      2    6 = Not a Child's Task
      4    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      1    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1280.  CHILD PLANTING--PRIMARY CROP

    129    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
      5    1 = Boys Only
      2    2 = Boys Predominant
      9    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      1    4 = Girls Predominant
      8    5 = Girls Only
      6    6 = Not a Child's Task
      4    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      1    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1281.  CHILD CROP TENDING--PRIMARY CROP

    125    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
      5    1 = Boys Only
      5    2 = Boys Predominant
     13    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      3    4 = Girls Predominant
      5    5 = Girls Only
      3    6 = Not a Child's Task
      5    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      1    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1282.  CHILD HARVESTING--PRIMARY CROP

    126    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
      5    1 = Boys Only
      3    2 = Boys Predominant
     10    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      4    4 = Girls Predominant
      8    5 = Girls Only
      1    6 = Not a Child's Task
      6    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      2    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      1    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1283.  CHILD AGRICULTURAL TASK UNSPECIFIED--PRIMARY CROP

    147    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
      3    1 = Boys Only
      2    2 = Boys Predominant
      5    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      2    4 = Girls Predominant
      3    5 = Girls Only
      0    6 = Not a Child's Task
      2    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      2    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      0    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1284.  CHILD OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES--PRIMARY CROP

    164    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
      1    1 = Boys Only
      0    2 = Boys Predominant
      0    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      0    4 = Girls Predominant
      1    5 = Girls Only
      0    6 = Not a Child's Task
      0    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      0    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1285.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 CLEAR LAND--PRIMARY CROP

    143    . = Missing data
     40    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      2    4 = Not a Child's Task
      1    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys



1286.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 SOIL PREPARATION--PRIMARY CROP

    145    . = Missing data
     39    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      1    4 = Not a Child's Task
      1    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1287.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 PLANTING--PRIMARY CROP

    144    . = Missing data
     39    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      1    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      1    4 = Not a Child's Task
      1    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1288.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 CROP TENDING--PRIMARY CROP

    143    . = Missing data
     37    0 = Children this age do not do task
      1    1 = Boys this age
      1    2 = Girls this age
      3    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      1    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1289.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 HARVESTING--PRIMARY CROP

    145    . = Missing data
     38    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      1    2 = Girls this age
      1    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      1    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1290.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 AGRICULTURAL TASKS UNSPECIFIED--PRIMARY CROP

    157    . = Missing data
     28    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      1    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1291.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES--PRIMARY CROP

    164    . = Missing data
     21    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      1    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1292.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 CLEAR LAND--PRIMARY CROP

    145    . = Missing data
     32    0 = Children this age do not do task
      2    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      5    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      2    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1293.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 SOIL PREPARATION--PRIMARY CROP

    147    . = Missing data
     28    0 = Children this age do not do task
      3    1 = Boys this age
      1    2 = Girls this age
      6    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      1    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1294.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 PLANTING--PRIMARY CROP

    144    . = Missing data
     27    0 = Children this age do not do task
      2    1 = Boys this age
      3    2 = Girls this age
      9    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      1    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1295.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 CROP TENDING--PRIMARY CROP

    144    . = Missing data
     24    0 = Children this age do not do task
      1    1 = Boys this age
      3    2 = Girls this age
     14    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1296.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 HARVESTING--PRIMARY CROP

    146    . = Missing data
     23    0 = Children this age do not do task
      4    1 = Boys this age
      4    2 = Girls this age
      9    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1297.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 AGRICULTURAL TASKS UNSPECIFIED--PRIMARY CROP

    159    . = Missing data
     20    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      6    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      1    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1298.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES--PRIMARY CROP

    165    . = Missing data
     20    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      1    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1299.  CHILDREN OVER 10 CLEAR LAND--PRIMARY CROP

    142    . = Missing data
     20    0 = Children this age do not do task
     13    1 = Boys this age
      1    2 = Girls this age
      7    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      2    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1300.  CHILDREN OVER 10 SOIL PREPARATION--PRIMARY CROP

    144    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Children this age do not do task
     12    1 = Boys this age
      2    2 = Girls this age
      7    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      1    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1301.  CHILDREN OVER 10 PLANTING--PRIMARY CROP

    143    . = Missing data
     20    0 = Children this age do not do task
      5    1 = Boys this age
      5    2 = Girls this age
     11    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      1    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1302.  CHILDREN OVER 10 CROP TENDING--PRIMARY CROP

    142    . = Missing data
     21    0 = Children this age do not do task
      4    1 = Boys this age
      4    2 = Girls this age
     13    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      1    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1303.  CHILDREN OVER 10 HARVESTING--PRIMARY CROP

    145    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Children this age do not do task
      4    1 = Boys this age
      5    2 = Girls this age
     12    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1304.  CHILDREN OVER 10 AGRICULTURAL TASKS UNSPECIFIED--PRIMARY CROP

    158    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Children this age do not do task
      1    1 = Boys this age
      1    2 = Girls this age
      6    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      1    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1305.  CHILDREN OVER 10 OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES--PRIMARY CROP

    165    . = Missing data
     20    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      1    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds67.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
HOUSEHOLD DIVISION OF WORK 2

Candice Bradley. 1987. Women, Children and Work. Unpublished Ph.D.
dissertation. University of California, Irvine.  UMI 8893611.

     STDS67.DAT Vars. 1306-1341 Household division of work 2

1306.  USES OF FRUITS OF LABOR--PRIMARY CROP

    121    . = Missing data
     19    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
      0    1 = Product consumer is child only
     36    2 = Product consumer is household or community
      0    3 = Wage labor/product sold
      9    4 = Household and wage labor or product sold
      1    5 = 1 &amp; 2 above
      0    6 = All of above

1307.  CHILDREN CLEAR LAND ALONE--PRIMARY CROP

    137    . = Missing data
     20    0 = Activity not present
      2    1 = Yes, Children do this
     27    2 = No, Children do not do this

1308.  CHILDREN PREPARE SOIL ALONE--PRIMARY CROP

    138    . = Missing data
     20    0 = Activity not present
      4    1 = Yes, Children do this
     24    2 = No, Children do not do this

1309.  CHILDREN PLANT ALONE--PRIMARY CROP

    135    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
      3    1 = Yes, Children do this
     29    2 = No, Children do not do this

1310.  CHILDREN TEND CROPS ALONE--PRIMARY CROP

    135    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
      3    1 = Yes, Children do this
     29    2 = No, Children do not do this

1311.  CHILDREN HARVEST ALONE--PRIMARY CROP

    134    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
      2    1 = Yes, Children do this
     31    2 = No, Children do not do this

1312.  CHILDREN DO UNSPECIFIED AGRICULTURAL TASKS ALONE--PRIMARY CROP
    148    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
      1    1 = Yes, Children do this
     18    2 = No, Children do not do this

1313.  CHILDREN DO OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES ALONE--PRIMARY CROP

    161    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
      1    1 = Yes, Children do this
      5    2 = No, Children do not do this

1314.  CHILDREN CLEAR LAND WITH OTHER KIDS--PRIMARY CROP

    136    . = Missing data
     20    0 = Activity not present
      7    1 = Yes, Children do this
     23    2 = No, Children do not do this

1315.  CHILDREN PREPARE SOIL WITH OTHER KIDS--PRIMARY CROP

    138    . = Missing data
     20    0 = Activity not present
      5    1 = Yes, Children do this
     23    2 = No, Children do not do this

1316.  CHILDREN PLANT WITH OTHER KIDS--PRIMARY CROP

    136    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
      7    1 = Yes, Children do this
     24    2 = No, Children do not do this

1317.  CHILDREN TEND CROPS WITH OTHER KIDS--PRIMARY CROP

    134    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
     12    1 = Yes, Children do this
     21    2 = No, Children do not do this

1318.  CHILDREN HARVEST WITH OTHER KIDS--PRIMARY CROP

    134    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
      6    1 = Yes, Children do this
     27    2 = No, Children do not do this

1319.  CHILDREN DO UNSPECIFIED CHORES WITH OTHER KIDS--PRIMARY CROP

    150    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
      5    1 = Yes, Children do this
     12    2 = No, Children do not do this

1320.  CHILDREN DO OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES WITH OTHER KIDS--PRIMARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    162    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
      1    1 = Yes, Children do this
      4    2 = No, Children do not do this

1321.  CHILDREN CLEAR LAND WITH ADULTS--PRIMARY CROP

    137    . = Missing data
     20    0 = Activity not present
     24    1 = Yes, Children do this (codes not ordered)
      5    2 = No, Children do not do this

1322.  CHILDREN PREPARE SOIL WITH ADULTS--PRIMARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    138    . = Missing data
     20    0 = Activity not present
     23    1 = Yes , Children do this
      5    2 = No, Children do not do this

1323.  CHILDREN PLANT WITH ADULTS--PRIMARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    136    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
     25    1 = Yes, Children do this
      6    2 = No, Children do not do this

1324.  CHILDREN TEND CROPS WITH ADULTS--PRIMARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    135    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
     23    1 = Yes, Children do this
      9    2 = No, Children do not do this

1325.  CHILDREN HARVEST WITH ADULTS--PRIMARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    134    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
     28    1 = Yes, Children do this
      5    2 = No, Children do not do this

1326.  CHILDREN DO UNSPECIFIED AGRICULTURAL TASKS WITH ADULTS--PRIMARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    150    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
     14    1 = Yes, Children do this
      3    2 = No, Children do not do this

1327.  CHILDREN DO OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES WITH ADULTS--PRIMARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    164    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Activity not present
      2    1 = Yes, Children do this
      1    2 = No, Children do not do this

1328.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY CLEARING--PRIMARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    146    . = Missing data
     21    0 = Boys do not do this task
      3    1 = The most important task for boys
     16    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1329.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY PREPARING SOIL--PRIMARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    147    . = Missing data
     22    0 = Boys do not do this task
      4    1 = The most important task for boys
     13    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1330.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY PLANTING--PRIMARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    144    . = Missing data
     27    0 = Boys do not do this task
      2    1 = The most important task for boys
     11    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      2    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1331.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY TENDING CROPS--PRIMARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    143    . = Missing data
     23    0 = Boys do not do this task
      4    1 = The most important task for boys
     14    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      2    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1332.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY HARVESTING--PRIMARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    142    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Boys do not do this task
      2    1 = The most important task for boys
     15    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      2    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1333.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY UNSPECIFIED AGRICULTURAL TASKS--PRIMARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    157    . = Missing data
     20    0 = Boys do not do this task
      2    1 = The most important task for boys
      7    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1334.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES--PRIMARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    165    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Boys do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for boys
      2    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1335.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL CLEARING--PRIMARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    146    . = Missing data
     29    0 = Girls do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for girls
     11    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

1336.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL PREPARING SOIL--PRIMARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    149    . = Missing data
     27    0 = Girls do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for girls
     10    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

1337.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL PLANTING--PRIMARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    143    . = Missing data
     24    0 = Girls do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for girls
     19    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

1338.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL TENDING CROPS--PRIMARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    143    . = Missing data
     22    0 = Girls do not do this task
      1    1 = The most important task for girls
     19    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      1    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

1339.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL HARVESTING--PRIMARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    142    . = Missing data
     23    0 = Girls do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for girls
     20    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      1    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

1340.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL UNSPECIFIED AGRICULTURAL TASKS--PRIMARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    155    . = Missing data
     20    0 = Girls do not do this task
      1    1 = The most important task for girls
      9    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      1    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

1341.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES--PRIMARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    165    . = Missing data
     19    0 = Girls do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for girls
      2    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds68.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
HOUSEHOLD DIVISION OF WORK 3

Candice Bradley. 1987. Women, Children and Work. Unpublished Ph.D.
dissertation. University of California, Irvine.  UMI 8893611.

     STDS68.DAT Vars. 1342-1366 Household division of work 3

1342.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN LAND CLEARING--PRIMARY CROP

    121    . = Missing data
     21    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     43    1 = Common or important adult task
      0    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      1    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1343.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN SOIL PREPARATION--PRIMARY CROP

    124    . = Missing data
     21    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     40    1 = Common or important adult task
      0    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      1    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1344.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN PLANTING--PRIMARY CROP

    121    . = Missing data
     21    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     42    1 = Common or important adult task
      1    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      1    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1345.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN CROP TENDING--PRIMARY CROP

    123    . = Missing data
     21    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     37    1 = Common or important adult task
      4    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      1    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1346.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN HARVESTING--PRIMARY CROP

    118    . = Missing data
     21    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     46    1 = Common or important adult task
      0    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      1    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1347.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN UNSPECIFIED AGRICULTURAL TASKS--PRIMARY CROP

    150    . = Missing data
     21    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     14    1 = Common or important adult task
      0    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      1    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent




1348.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES--PRIMARY CROP

    164    . = Missing data
     21    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
      1    1 = Common or important adult task
      0    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      0    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1349.  PRIMARY CROP NAME

    105    . = Missing data
     21    0 = No agriculture
      2    1 = Barley
     10    2 = Maize
      8    3 = Millet
      3    4 = Dry rice
      7    5 = Wet rice
      0    6 = Sorghum
      5    7 = Wheat
      0    8 = Buckwheat
      0   11 = Groundnut
      0   12 = Beans
      1   13 = Breadfruit
      5   14 = Cassava
      2   15 = Potato
      1   16 = Sweet potato
      0   17 = Squashes
      4   18 = Taro
      5   19 = Yams
      0   20 = Bananas
      2   21 = Plantains
      1   22 = Dates
      0   23 = Mango
      0   24 = Other fruit trees
      2   31 = Coconut
      0   32 = Peanut
      0   41 = Cocoa
      0   42 = Cotton
      0   43 = Sesame
      0   44 = Sugarcane
      0   45 = Cardamum
      0   46 = Tobacco
      0   47 = Rubber
      2   51 = Animal fodder

1350.  OTHER PRIMARY CROP NAME

    114    . = Missing data
     66    0 = No agriculture
      2    1 = Barley
      0    2 = Maize
      0    3 = Millet
      0    4 = Dry rice
      1    5 = Wet rice
      2    6 = Sorghum
      0    7 = Wheat
      0    8 = Buckwheat
      0   11 = Groundnut
      0   12 = Beans
      1   13 = Breadfruit
      0   14 = Cassava
      0   15 = Potato
      0   16 = Sweet potato
      0   17 = Squashes
      0   18 = Taro
      0   19 = Yams
      0   20 = Bananas
      0   21 = Plantains
      0   22 = Dates
      0   23 = Mango
      0   24 = Other fruit trees
      0   31 = Coconut
      0   32 = Peanut
      0   41 = Cocoa
      0   42 = Cotton
      0   43 = Sesame
      0   44 = Sugarcane
      0   45 = Cardamum
      0   46 = Tobacco
      0   47 = Rubber
      0   51 = Animal fodder

1351.  IRRIGATION USED--PRIMARY CROP

    113    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     51    0 = None/Absent
     22    1 = Yes/Present

1352.  HAND PLOW USED--PRIMARY CROP

    113    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     70    0 = None/Absent
      3    1 = Yes/Present

1353.  ANIMAL PLOW USED--PRIMARY CROP

    114    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     56    0 = None/Absent
     15    1 = Yes/Present

1354.  TERRACES AND MOUNDS USED--PRIMARY CROP

    120    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     46    0 = None/Absent
     20    1 = Yes/Present

1355.  FENCES USED--PRIMARY CROP

    127    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     47    0 = None/Absent
     12    1 = Yes/Present

1356.  GREEN MANURE AND MULCH USED--PRIMARY CROP

    128    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     53    0 = None/Absent
      5    1 = Yes/Present



1357.  ANIMAL MANURE USED--PRIMARY CROP

    129    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     48    0 = None/Absent
      9    1 = Yes/Present

1358.  HUMAN MANURE USED--PRIMARY CROP

    129    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     54    0 = None/Absent
      3    1 = Yes/Present

1359.  PESTICIDES USED--PRIMARY CROP

    122    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     64    0 = None/Absent
      0    1 = Yes/Present

1360.  EXTENT OF WEEDING--PRIMARY CROP

    126    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     26    0 = None/No weeding/crops not weeded
      1    1 = Crop weeded once
      4    2 = Crop weeded twice
      6    3 = Crop weeded three times
      2    4 = Weeding, but not extensively, no data on # times
     13    5 = Extensive weeding, no data on # times
      8    6 = Weeding, no data on extent or # times

1361.  CROP SUPERVISION--PRIMARY CROP

    122    . = No data
     22    0 = No agriculture
     27    1 = Crops supervised from homestead
     15    2 = Distant crops supervised, e.g. huts built in fields

1362.  PLANTING TECHNIQUES--PRIMARY CROP
    129    . = No data
     21    0 = No agriculture
      3    1 = Seeds broadcast
     14    2 = Seeds planted by hand/manually
      6    3 = Seedlings transplanted
      9    4 = Cuttings planted
      1    5 = 1 and 2 above
      3    6 = 2 and 3 above

1363.  SHORTEST LENGTH OF FALLOW--PRIMARY CROP
    130    . = No data
     21    0 = No agriculture
     15    1 = 0 years (permanent cultivation)
      4    2 = 2 years
      2    3 = 3 years
      2    4 = 4 years
      3    5 = 5 years
      3    6 = 6 years
      1    7 = 7 years
      2   10 = 10 years
      2   15 = 15 years
      1   20 = 20 years

1364.  SOIL TREATMENTS/SANDS USED--PRIMARY CROP

    128    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     53    0 = None/Absent
      5    1 = Yes/Present

1365.  CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS USED--PRIMARY CROP

    124    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     59    0 = None/Absent
      3    1 = Yes/Present

1366.  STAKES AND TRELLISES USED--PRIMARY CROP

    137    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     45    0 = None/Absent
      4    1 = Yes/Present


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds69.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
HOUSEHOLD DIVISION OF WORK 4

Candice Bradley. 1987. Women, Children and Work. Unpublished Ph.D.
dissertation. University of California, Irvine. UMI 8893611.

     STDS69.DAT Vars. 1367-1401 Household division of work 4

1367.  ADULT LAND CLEARANCE--SECONDARY CROP

    122    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Activity not present
     17    1 = Men Only
     11    2 = Men Predominant
      4    3 = Men and Women Equal
      1    4 = Women Predominant
      3    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      1    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      0    9 = Women, No Data on Men
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1368.  ADULT SOIL PREPARATION--SECONDARY CROP

    125    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Activity not present
     13    1 = Men Only
      8    2 = Men Predominant
      3    3 = Men and Women Equal
      4    4 = Women Predominant
      5    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      1    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      0    9 = Women, No Data on Men
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1369.  ADULT PLANTING--SECONDARY CROP

    127    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Activity not present
      7    1 = Men Only
      1    2 = Men Predominant
      8    3 = Men and Women Equal
      6    4 = Women Predominant
      9    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      2    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      0    9 = Women, No Data on Men
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1370.  ADULT CROP TENDING--SECONDARY CROP

    125    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Activity not present
      6    1 = Men Only
      2    2 = Men Predominant
      9    3 = Men and Women Equal
      6    4 = Women Predominant
     10    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      1    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      0    9 = Women, No Data on Men
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1371.  ADULT HARVESTING--SECONDARY CROP

    125    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Activity not present
      5    1 = Men Only
      5    2 = Men Predominant
      8    3 = Men and Women Equal
      9    4 = Women Predominant
      7    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      1    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      0    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      0    9 = Women, No Data on Men
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1372.  ADULT AGRICULTURAL TASK UNSPECIFIED--SECONDARY CROP

    147    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Activity not present
      1    1 = Men Only
      3    2 = Men Predominant
      4    3 = Men and Women Equal
      2    4 = Women Predominant
      2    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      1    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      0    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      0    9 = Women, No Data on Men
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1373.  ADULT OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES--SECONDARY CROP

    160    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Activity not present
      0    1 = Men Only
      0    2 = Men Predominant
      0    3 = Men and Women Equal
      0    4 = Women Predominant
      0    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      0    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      0    9 = Women, No Data on Men
      1   10 = Slaves Only




1374.  CHILD LAND CLEARANCE--SECONDARY CROP

    135    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Activity not present
      9    1 = Boys Only
      1    2 = Boys Predominant
      3    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      0    4 = Girls Predominant
      3    5 = Girls Only
      3    6 = Not a Child's Task
      1    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      1    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1375.  CHILD SOIL PREPARATION--SECONDARY CROP

    136    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Activity not present
      7    1 = Boys Only
      1    2 = Boys Predominant
      3    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      0    4 = Girls Predominant
      5    5 = Girls Only
      2    6 = Not a Child's Task
      3    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      1    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1376.  CHILD PLANTING--SECONDARY CROP

    138    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Activity not present
      3    1 = Boys Only
      1    2 = Boys Predominant
      6    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      1    4 = Girls Predominant
      3    5 = Girls Only
      2    6 = Not a Child's Task
      4    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      1    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1377.  CHILD CROP TENDING--SECONDARY CROP

    132    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Activity not present
      3    1 = Boys Only
      1    2 = Boys Predominant
     10    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      2    4 = Girls Predominant
      3    5 = Girls Only
      3    6 = Not a Child's Task
      3    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      1    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys
      1   10 = Slaves Only


1378.  CHILD CROP HARVESTING--SECONDARY CROP

    134    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Activity not present
      5    1 = Boys Only
      1    2 = Boys Predominant
      6    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      2    4 = Girls Predominant
      4    5 = Girls Only
      1    6 = Not a Child's Task
      6    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      1    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1379.  CHILD AGRICULTURAL TASK UNSPECIFIED--SECONDARY CROP

    147    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Activity not present
      1    1 = Boys Only
      1    2 = Boys Predominant
      4    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      1    4 = Girls Predominant
      3    5 = Girls Only
      0    6 = Not a Child's Task
      2    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      1    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1380.  CHILD OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES--SECONDARY CROP

    160    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Activity not present
      0    1 = Boys Only
      0    2 = Boys Predominant
      0    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      0    4 = Girls Predominant
      0    5 = Girls Only
      0    6 = Not a Child's Task
      0    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      0    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1381.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 CLEAR LAND--SECONDARY CROP

    147    . = Missing data
     39    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex




1382.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 SOIL PREPARATION--SECONDARY CROP

    147    . = Missing data
     39    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex

1383.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 PLANTING--SECONDARY CROP

    148    . = Missing data
     38    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex

1384.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 CROP TENDING--SECONDARY CROP

    145    . = Missing data
     39    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      2    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex

1385.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 HARVESTING--SECONDARY CROP

    149    . = Missing data
     37    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex

1386.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 AGRICULTURAL TASKS UNSPECIFIED--SECONDARY CROP

    155    . = Missing data
     31    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex

1387.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES--SECONDARY CROP

    160    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex


1388.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 CLEAR LAND--SECONDARY CROP

    146    . = Missing data
     35    0 = Children this age do not do task
      1    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      3    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      1    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex

1389.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 SOIL PREPARATION--SECONDARY CROP

    147    . = Missing data
     31    0 = Children this age do not do task
      2    1 = Boys this age
      2    2 = Girls this age
      3    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      1    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex

1390.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 PLANTING--SECONDARY CROP

    148    . = Missing data
     31    0 = Children this age do not do task
      1    1 = Boys this age
      1    2 = Girls this age
      4    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      1    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex

1391.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 CROP TENDING--SECONDARY CROP

    147    . = Missing data
     30    0 = Children this age do not do task
      1    1 = Boys this age
      1    2 = Girls this age
      6    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      1    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex

1392.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 HARVESTING--SECONDARY CROP

    149    . = Missing data
     30    0 = Children this age do not do task
      1    1 = Boys this age
      1    2 = Girls this age
      3    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      2    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex

1393.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 AGRICULTURAL TASKS UNSPECIFIED--SECONDARY CROP

    155    . = Missing data
     27    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      3    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      1    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex


1394.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES--SECONDARY CROP

    160    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      1    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex

1395.  CHILDREN OVER 10 CLEAR LAND--SECONDARY CROP

    146    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Children this age do not do task
      8    1 = Boys this age
      1    2 = Girls this age
      4    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      1    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex

1396.  CHILDREN OVER 10 SOIL PREPARATION--SECONDARY CROP

    147    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Children this age do not do task
      6    1 = Boys this age
      3    2 = Girls this age
      4    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      1    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex

1397.  CHILDREN OVER 10 PLANTING--SECONDARY CROP

    148    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Children this age do not do task
      3    1 = Boys this age
      2    2 = Girls this age
      7    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      1    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex

1398.  CHILDREN OVER 10 CROP TENDING--SECONDARY CROP

    146    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Children this age do not do task
      3    1 = Boys this age
      3    2 = Girls this age
      7    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      1    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex

1399.  CHILDREN OVER 10 HARVESTING--SECONDARY CROP

    150    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Children this age do not do task
      4    1 = Boys this age
      2    2 = Girls this age
      4    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      1    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex


1400.  CHILDREN OVER 10 AGRICULTURAL TASKS UNSPECIFIED--SECONDARY CROP

    156    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Children this age do not do task
      1    1 = Boys this age
      1    2 = Girls this age
      3    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex

1401.  CHILDREN OVER 10 OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES--SECONDARY CROP

    160    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      1    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds70.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
HOUSEHOLD DIVISION OF WORK 5

Candice Bradley. 1987. Women, Children and Work. Unpublished Ph.D.
dissertation. University of California, Irvine. UMI 8893611.

     STDS70.DAT Vars. 1402-1437 Household division of work 5

1402.  USES OF FRUITS OF LABOR--SECONDARY CROP

    127    . = Missing data
     25    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
      0    1 = Product consumer is child only
     28    2 = Product consumer is household or community
      2    3 = Wage labor/product sold
      3    4 = Household and wage labor or product sold
      1    5 = 1 &amp; 2 above
      0    6 = All of above

1403.  CHILDREN CLEAR LAND ALONE--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    142    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Activity not present
      1    1 = Yes, Children do this
     17    2 = No, Children do not do this

1404.  CHILDREN PREPARE SOIL ALONE--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    143    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Activity not present
      1    1 = Yes, Children do this
     16    2 = No, Children do not do this

1405.  CHILDREN PLANT ALONE--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    142    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Activity not present
      1    1 = Yes, Children do this
     18    2 = No, Children do not do this

1406.  CHILDREN TEND CROPS ALONE--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    140    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Activity not present
      1    1 = Yes, Children do this
     19    2 = No, Children do not do this

1407.  CHILDREN HARVEST ALONE--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    140    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Activity not present
      2    1 = Yes, Children do this
     19    2 = No, Children do not do this

1408.  CHILDREN DO UNSPECIFIED AGRICULTURAL TASKS ALONE--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    147    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Activity not present
      1    1 = Yes, Children do this
     13    2 = No, Children do not do this

1409.  CHILDREN DO OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES ALONE--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    157    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Activity not present
      1    1 = Yes, Children do this
      3    2 = No, Children do not do this

1410.  CHILDREN CLEAR LAND WITH OTHER KIDS--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    141    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Activity not present
      5    1 = Yes, Children do this
     14    2 = No, Children do not do this

1411.  CHILDREN PREPARE SOIL WITH OTHER KIDS--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    143    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Activity not present
      3    1 = Yes, Children do this
     14    2 = No, Children do not do this

1412.  CHILDREN PLANT WITH OTHER KIDS--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    142    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Activity not present
      5    1 = Yes, Children do this
     14    2 = No, Children do not do this

1413.  CHILDREN TEND CROPS WITH OTHER KIDS--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    140    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Activity not present
      9    1 = Yes, Children do this
     11    2 = No, Children do not do this

1414.  CHILDREN HARVEST WITH OTHER KIDS--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    140    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Activity not present
      7    1 = Yes, Children do this
     14    2 = No, Children do not do this

1415.  CHILDREN DO UNSPECIFIED CHORES WITH OTHER KIDS--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    149    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Activity not present
      4    1 = Yes, Children do this
      8    2 = No, Children do not do this

1416.  CHILDREN DO OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES WITH OTHER KIDS--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    158    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Activity not present
      1    1 = Yes, Children do this
      2    2 = No, Children do not do this

1417.  CHILDREN CLEAR LAND WITH ADULTS--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    142    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Activity not present
     14    1 = Yes, Children do this
      4    2 = No, Children do not do this

1418.  CHILDREN PREPARE SOIL WITH ADULTS--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    143    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Activity not present
     14    1 = Yes, Children do this
      3    2 = No, Children do not do this

1419.  CHILDREN PLANT WITH ADULTS--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    142    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Activity not present
     15    1 = Yes, Children do this
      4    2 = No, Children do not do this

1420.  CHILDREN TEND CROPS WITH ADULTS--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    140    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Activity not present
     13    1 = Yes, Children do this
      7    2 = No, Children do not do this

1421.  CHILDREN HARVEST WITH ADULTS--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    140    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Activity not present
     16    1 = Yes, Children do this
      5    2 = No, Children do not do this

1422.  CHILDREN DO UNSPECIFIED AGRICULTURAL TASKS WITH ADULTS--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    150    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Activity not present
      7    1 = Yes, Children do this
      4    2 = No, Children do not do this

1423.  CHILDREN DO OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES WITH ADULTS--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    160    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Activity not present
      0    1 = Yes, Children do this
      1    2 = No, Children do not do this

1424.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY CLEARING--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    150    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Boys do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for boys
     10    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1425.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY PREPARING SOIL--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    150    . = Missing data
     28    0 = Boys do not do this task
      1    1 = The most important task for boys
      7    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1426.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY PLANTING--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    148    . = Missing data
     27    0 = Boys do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for boys
      9    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      2    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1427.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY TENDING CROPS--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    148    . = Missing data
     27    0 = Boys do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for boys
     10    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      1    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1428.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY HARVESTING--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    145    . = Missing data
     27    0 = Boys do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for boys
     13    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      1    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1429.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY UNSPECIFIED AGRICULTURAL TASKS--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    154    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Boys do not do this task
      1    1 = The most important task for boys
      5    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1430.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    160    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Boys do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for boys
      1    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1431.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL CLEARING--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    148    . = Missing data
     30    0 = Girls do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for girls
      8    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

1432.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL PREPARING SOIL--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    150    . = Missing data
     27    0 = Girls do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for girls
      9    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

1433.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL PLANTING--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    147    . = Missing data
     27    0 = Girls do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for girls
     11    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      1    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

1434.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL TENDING CROPS--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    147    . = Missing data
     27    0 = Girls do not do this task
      1    1 = The most important task for girls
     11    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

1435.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL HARVESTING--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    144    . = Missing data
     28    0 = Girls do not do this task
      1    1 = The most important task for girls
     13    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

1436.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL UNSPECIFIED AGRICULTURAL TASKS--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    151    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Girls do not do this task
      1    1 = The most important task for girls
      8    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

1437.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    160    . = Missing data
     25    0 = Girls do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for girls
      1    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds71.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
HOUSEHOLD DIVISION OF WORK 6

Candice Bradley. 1987. Women, Children and Work. Unpublished Ph.D.
dissertation. University of California, Irvine. UMI 8893611.

     STDS71.DAT Vars. 1438-1462 Household division of work 6

1438.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN LAND CLEARING--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    125    . = Missing data
     29    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     31    1 = Common or important adult task
      0    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      1    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1439.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN SOIL PREPARATION--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    126    . = Missing data
     29    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     30    1 = Common or important adult task
      0    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      1    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1440.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN PLANTING--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    128    . = Missing data
     28    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     29    1 = Common or important adult task
      0    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      1    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1441.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN CROP TENDING--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    128    . = Missing data
     29    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     26    1 = Common or important adult task
      2    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      1    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1442.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN HARVESTING--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    127    . = Missing data
     28    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     30    1 = Common or important adult task
      0    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      1    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1443.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN UNSPECIFIED AGRICULTURAL TASKS--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    146    . = Missing data
     28    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     12    1 = Common or important adult task
      0    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      0    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1444.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN OTHER AGRICULTURAL CHORES--SECONDARY CROP (codes not ordered)

    156    . = Missing data
     28    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
      2    1 = Common or important adult task
      0    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      0    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1445.  SECONDARY CROP NAME

    107    . = Missing data
     28    0 = No agriculture
      3    1 = Barley
      7    2 = Maize
      4    3 = Millet
      3    4 = Dry rice
      0    5 = Wet rice
      0    6 = Sorghum
      1    7 = Wheat
      1    8 = Buckwheat
      2   11 = Groundnut
      4   12 = Beans
      0   13 = Breadfruit
      3   14 = Cassava
      3   15 = Potato
      1   16 = Sweet potato
      0   17 = Squashes
      6   18 = Taro
      3   19 = Yams
      0   20 = Bananas
      2   21 = Plantains
      1   22 = Dates
      0   23 = Mango
      1   24 = Other fruit trees
      0   31 = Coconut
      0   32 = Peanut
      1   41 = Cocoa
      1   42 = Cotton
      0   43 = Sesame
      1   44 = Sugarcane
      1   45 = Cardamum
      1   46 = Tobacco
      1   47 = Rubber
      0   51 = Animal fodder

1446.  OTHER SECONDARY CROP NAME

    115    . = Missing data
     57    0 = No agriculture
      0    1 = Barley
      0    2 = Maize
      0    3 = Millet
      0    4 = Dry rice
      1    5 = Wet rice
      3    6 = Sorghum
      1    7 = Wheat
      0    8 = Buckwheat
      0   11 = Groundnut
      0   12 = Beans
      1   13 = Breadfruit
      0   14 = Cassava
      0   15 = Potato
      0   16 = Sweet potato
      4   17 = Squashes
      1   18 = Taro
      1   19 = Yams
      0   20 = Bananas
      1   21 = Plantains
      0   22 = Dates
      1   23 = Mango
      0   24 = Other fruit trees
      0   31 = Coconut
      0   32 = Peanut
      0   41 = Cocoa
      0   42 = Cotton
      0   43 = Sesame
      0   44 = Sugarcane
      0   45 = Cardamum
      0   46 = Tobacco
      0   47 = Rubber
      0   51 = Animal fodder

1447.  IRRIGATION USED--SECONDARY CROP

    118    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     53    0 = None/Absent
     15    1 = Yes/Present

1448.  HAND PLOW USED--SECONDARY CROP

    116    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     67    0 = None/Absent
      3    1 = Yes/Present

1449.  ANIMAL PLOW USED--SECONDARY CROP

    117    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     58    0 = None/Absent
     11    1 = Yes/Present

1450.  TERRACES AND MOUNDS USED--SECONDARY CROP

    125    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     47    0 = None/Absent
     14    1 = Yes/Present

1451.  FENCES USED--SECONDARY CROP

    125    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     48    0 = None/Absent
     13    1 = Yes/Present

1452.  GREEN MANURE AND MULCH USED--SECONDARY CROP

    128    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     53    0 = None/Absent
      5    1 = Yes/Present



1453.  ANIMAL MANURE USED--SECONDARY CROP

    129    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     48    0 = None/Absent
      9    1 = Yes/Present

1454.  HUMAN MANURE USED--SECONDARY CROP

    129    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     55    0 = None/Absent
      2    1 = Yes/Present

1455.  PESTICIDES USED--SECONDARY CROP

    122    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     64    0 = None/Absent
      0    1 = Yes/Present

1456.  EXTENT OF WEEDING--SECONDARY CROP

    129    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     32    0 = None/No weeding/crops not weeded
      1    1 = Crop weeded once
      2    2 = Crop weeded twice
      4    3 = Crop weeded three times
      3    4 = Weeding, but not extensively, no data on # times
      8    5 = Extensive weeding, no data on # times
      7    6 = Weeding, no data on extent or # times

1457.  CROP SUPERVISION--SECONDARY CROP
    124    . = No data
     32    0 = No agriculture
     20    1 = Crops supervised from homestead
     10    2 = Distant crops supervised, e.g. huts built in fields

1458.  PLANTING TECHNIQUES--SECONDARY CROP
    130    . = No data
     28    0 = No agriculture
      2    1 = Seeds broadcast
     12    2 = Seeds planted by hand/manually
      2    3 = Seedlings transplanted
     11    4 = Cuttings planted
      1    5 = 2 and 3 above
      0    6 = 3 and 4 above
      0    7 = 2 and 4 above

1459.  SHORTEST LENGTH OF FALLOW--SECONDARY CROP
    137    . = No data
     28    0 = No agriculture
     12    1 = 0 years (permanent cultivation)
      1    2 = 2 years
      1    3 = 3 years
      1    4 = 4 years
      2    5 = 5 years
      2    6 = 6 years
      0    7 = 7 years
      1   10 = 10 years
      0   15 = 15 years
      1   20 = 20 years


1460.  SOIL TREATMENTS/SANDS USED--SECONDARY CROP

    126    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     56    0 = None/Absent
      4    1 = Yes/Present

1461.  CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS USED--SECONDARY CROP

    122    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     62    0 = None/Absent
      2    1 = Yes/Present

1462.  STAKES AND TRELLISES USED--SECONDARY CROP

    134    . = Missing data/No agriculture
     48    0 = None/Absent
      4    1 = Yes/Present


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds72.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
HOUSEHOLD DIVISION OF WORK 7

Candice Bradley. 1987. Women, Children and Work. Unpublished Ph.D.
dissertation. University of California, Irvine. UMI 8893611.

     STDS72.DAT Vars. 1463-1490 Household division of work 7

1463.  ADULTS HERD SMALL ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    142    . = Missing data
     27    0 = Activity not present
      7    1 = Men Only
      3    2 = Men Predominant
      0    3 = Men and Women Equal
      0    4 = Women Predominant
      5    5 = Women Only
      1    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      0    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      0    9 = Women, No Data on Men
      1   10 = Slaves Only

1464.  ADULTS CARE FOR SMALL ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    130    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Activity not present
      3    1 = Men Only
      3    2 = Men Predominant
      5    3 = Men and Women Equal
      6    4 = Women Predominant
     12    5 = Women Only
      1    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      0    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      0    9 = Women, No Data on Men
      0   10 = Slaves Only

1465.  CHILDREN HERD SMALL ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    139    . = Missing data
     27    0 = Activity not present
      7    1 = Boys Only
      5    2 = Boys Predominant
      2    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      0    4 = Girls Predominant
      3    5 = Girls Only
      0    6 = Not a Child's Task
      1    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      2    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      0    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys
      0   10 = Slaves Only

1466.  CHILDREN CARE FOR SMALL ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    138    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Activity not present
      4    1 = Boys Only
      4    2 = Boys Predominant
      2    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      3    4 = Girls Predominant
      5    5 = Girls Only
      0    6 = Not a Child's Task
      2    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      2    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      0    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys
      0   10 = Slaves Only

1467.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 HERD SMALL ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    147    . = Missing data
     35    0 = Children this age do not do task
      2    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      2    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1468.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 HERD SMALL ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    145    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Children this age do not do task
      7    1 = Boys this age
      1    2 = Girls this age
      4    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      3    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1469.  CHILDREN OVER 10 HERD SMALL ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    145    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Children this age do not do task
      6    1 = Boys this age
      2    2 = Girls this age
      4    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      3    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1470.  CHILDREN UNDER 10 CARE FOR SMALL ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    145    . = Missing data
     37    0 = Children this age do not do task
      1    1 = Boys this age
      1    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      2    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1471.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 CARE FOR SMALL ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    145    . = Missing data
     27    0 = Children this age do not do task
      2    1 = Boys this age
      2    2 = Girls this age
      8    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      2    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1472.  CHILDREN OVER 10 CARE FOR SMALL ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    145    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Children this age do not do task
      4    1 = Boys this age
      4    2 = Girls this age
      5    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      2    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1473.  PRODUCT USE OF SMALL ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    138    . = Missing data
     25    0 = None (e.g., activity not present)
      0    1 = Product consumer is child only
     16    2 = Product consumer is household or community
      0    3 = Wage labor/product sold
      5    4 = Household and wage labor or product sold
      2    5 = 1 and 2 above
      0    6 = All of above

1474.  CHILDREN HERD SMALL ANIMALS ALONE (codes not ordered)

    151    . = Missing data
     25    0 = None (e.g., activity not present)
      2    1 = Yes, children do this
      8    2 = No, children do not do this

1475.  CHILDREN HERD SMALL ANIMALS WITH CHILDREN
    151    . = Missing data
     25    0 = None (e.g., activity not present) (codes not ordered)
      9    1 = Yes, children do this
      1    2 = No, children do not do this

1476.  CHILDREN HERD SMALL ANIMALS WITH ADULTS (codes not ordered)
    150    . = Missing data
     25    0 = None (e.g., activity not present)
      8    1 = Yes, children do this
      3    2 = No, children do not do this

1477.  CHILDREN CARE FOR SMALL ANIMALS ALONE (codes not ordered)
    152    . = Missing data
     25    0 = None (e.g., activity not present)
      1    1 = Yes, children do this
      8    2 = No, children do not do this

1478.  CHILDREN CARE FOR SMALL ANIMALS WITH CHILDREN (codes not ordered)

    152    . = Missing data
     25    0 = None (e.g., activity not present)
      5    1 = Yes, children do this
      4    2 = No, children do not do this

1479.  CHILDREN CARE FOR SMALL ANIMALS WITH ADULTS (codes not ordered)

    151    . = Missing data
     25    0 = None (e.g., activity not present)
      9    1 = Yes, children do this
      1    2 = No, children do not do this

1480.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY HERDING SMALL ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    147    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Boys do not do this task
      9    1 = The most important task for boys
      4    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1481.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL HERDING SMALL ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    149    . = Missing data
     30    0 = Girls do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for girls
      6    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      1    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys

1482.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY CARE FOR SMALL ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    150    . = Missing data
     28    0 = Boys do not do this task
      1    1 = The most important task for boys
      6    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      1    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1483.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL CARE FOR SMALL ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    149    . = Missing data
     26    0 = Girls do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for girls
     11    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys

1484.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN HERDING SMALL ANIMALS (codes not ordered)
    143    . = Missing data
     25    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     12    1 = Common or important adult task
      6    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      0    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1485.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN CARING FOR SMALL ANIMALS (codes not ordered)
    139    . = Missing data
     25    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     19    1 = Common or important adult task
      3    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      0    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1486.  GOATS PRESENT

    108    . = Missing data
     51    0 = Absent
      0    1 = Present, minor
     27    2 = Present, important

1487.  SHEEP PRESENT

    108    . = Missing data
     52    0 = Absent
      0    1 = Present, minor
     26    2 = Present, important

1488.  PIGS PRESENT

    108    . = Missing data
     50    0 = Absent
      2    1 = Present, minor
     26    2 = Present, important

1489.  RABBITS AND GUINEA PIGS PRESENT

    108    . = Missing data
     76    0 = Absent
      0    1 = Present, minor
      2    2 = Present, important

1490.  SLED AND PACK DOGS PRESENT

    108    . = Missing data
     74    0 = Absent
      0    1 = Present, minor
      4    2 = Present, important


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds73.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
HOUSEHOLD DIVISION OF WORK 8

Candice Bradley. 1987. Women, Children and Work. Unpublished Ph.D.
dissertation. University of California, Irvine. UMI 8893611.

     STDS73.DAT Vars. 1491-1521 Household division of work 8

1491.  ADULTS HERD LARGE ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    128    . = Missing data
     29    0 = Activity not present
     16    1 = Men Only
      9    2 = Men Predominant
      1    3 = Men and Women Equal
      0    4 = Women Predominant
      1    5 = Women Only
      1    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      1    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      0    9 = Women, No Data on Men
      0   10 = Slaves Only

1492.  ADULTS CARE FOR LARGE ANIMALS

    126    . = Missing data
     28    0 = Activity not present
      7    1 = Men Only
     11    2 = Men Predominant
      6    3 = Men and Women Equal
      5    4 = Women Predominant
      1    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      1    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      1    9 = Women, No Data on Men
      0   10 = Slaves Only

1493.  CHILDREN HERD LARGE ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    125    . = Missing data
     28    0 = Activity not present
     17    1 = Boys Only
     11    2 = Boys Predominant
      1    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      0    4 = Girls Predominant
      0    5 = Girls Only
      0    6 = Not a Child's Task
      3    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      0    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys
      0   10 = Slaves Only

1494.  CHILDREN CARE FOR LARGE ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    127    . = Missing data
     28    0 = Activity not present
     10    1 = Boys Only
     12    2 = Boys Predominant
      1    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      2    4 = Girls Predominant
      1    5 = Girls Only
      0    6 = Not a Child's Task
      3    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      2    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      0    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys
      0   10 = Slaves Only

1495.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 HERD LARGE ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    132    . = Missing data
     52    0 = Children this age do not do task
      2    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1496.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 HERD LARGE ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    132    . = Missing data
     37    0 = Children this age do not do task
      8    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      6    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      3    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1497.  CHILDREN OVER 10 HERD LARGE ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    131    . = Missing data
     29    0 = Children this age do not do task
     17    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      6    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      3    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1498.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 CARE FOR LARGE ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    133    . = Missing data
     51    0 = Children this age do not do task
      1    1 = Boys this age
      1    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1499.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 CARE FOR LARGE ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    133    . = Missing data
     34    0 = Children this age do not do task
      7    1 = Boys this age
      1    2 = Girls this age
     10    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1500.  CHILDREN OVER 10 CARE FOR LARGE ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    133    . = Missing data
     28    0 = Children this age do not do task
     13    1 = Boys this age
      2    2 = Girls this age
      9    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1501.  PRODUCT USE OF LARGE ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    130    . = Missing data
     28    0 = None (e.g., activity not present)
      0    1 = Product consumer is child only
     19    2 = Product consumer is household or community
      0    3 = Wage labor/product sold
      7    4 = Household and wage labor or product sold
      2    5 = 1 and 2 above
      0    6 = All of above

1502.  CHILDREN HERD LARGE ANIMALS ALONE (codes not ordered)

    138    . = Missing data
     28    0 = None (e.g., activity not present)
      5    1 = Yes, children do this
     15    2 = No, children do not do this

1503.  CHILDREN HERD LARGE ANIMALS WITH CHILDREN

    138    . = Missing data
     28    0 = None (e.g., activity not present) (codes not ordered)
     17    1 = Yes, children do this
      3    2 = No, children do not do this

1504.  CHILDREN HERD LARGE ANIMALS WITH ADULTS

    138    . = Missing data
     28    0 = None (e.g., activity not present)
     16    1 = Yes, children do this
      4    2 = No, children do not do this

1505.  CHILDREN CARE FOR LARGE ANIMALS ALONE (codes not ordered)

    141    . = Missing data
     28    0 = None (e.g., activity not present)
      3    1 = Yes, children do this
     14    2 = No, children do not do this

1506.  CHILDREN CARE FOR LARGE ANIMALS WITH CHILDREN (codes not ordered)

    141    . = Missing data
     28    0 = None (e.g., activity not present)
     14    1 = Yes, children do this
      3    2 = No, children do not do this

1507.  CHILDREN CARE FOR LARGE ANIMALS WITH ADULTS (codes not ordered)

    141    . = Missing data
     28    0 = None (e.g., activity not present)
     15    1 = Yes, children do this
      2    2 = No, children do not do this

1508.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY HERDING LARGE ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    136    . = Missing data
     28    0 = Boys do not do this task
     16    1 = The most important task for boys
      5    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      1    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1509.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL HERDING LARGE ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    138    . = Missing data
     39    0 = Girls do not do this task
      1    1 = The most important task for girls
      5    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      3    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys

1510.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY CARE FOR LARGE ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    144    . = Missing data
     29    0 = Boys do not do this task
      6    1 = The most important task for boys
      5    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      2    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1511.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL CARE FOR LARGE ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    144    . = Missing data
     33    0 = Girls do not do this task
      2    1 = The most important task for girls
      5    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      2    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys

1512.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN HERDING LARGE ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    132    . = Missing data
     28    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     19    1 = Common or important adult task
      7    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      0    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1513.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN CARING FOR LARGE ANIMALS (codes not ordered)

    134    . = Missing data
     28    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     22    1 = Common or important adult task
      2    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      0    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1514.  CATTLE PRESENT

    109    . = Missing data
     42    0 = Absent
      3    1 = Present, minor
     32    2 = Present, important

1515.  HORSES PRESENT

    110    . = Missing data
     52    0 = Absent
      2    1 = Present, minor
     22    2 = Present, important

1516.  DONKEYS/MULES PRESENT

    109    . = Missing data
     61    0 = Absent
      0    1 = Present, minor
     16    2 = Present, important

1517.  CAMELS PRESENT

    109    . = Missing data
     72    0 = Absent
      0    1 = Present, minor
      5    2 = Present, important

1518.  REINDEER PRESENT

    109    . = Missing data
     75    0 = Absent
      0    1 = Present, minor
      2    2 = Present, important

1519.  YAKS PRESENT

    109    . = Missing data
     75    0 = Absent
      0    1 = Present, minor
      2    2 = Present, important

1520.  BUFFALO PRESENT

    109    . = Missing data
     74    0 = Absent
      0    1 = Present, minor
      3    2 = Present, important

1521.  LLAMA PRESENT

    109    . = Missing data
     76    0 = Absent
      0    1 = Present, minor
      1    2 = Present, important


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds74.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
HOUSEHOLD DIVISION OF WORK 9

Candice Bradley. 1987. Women, Children and Work. Unpublished Ph.D.
dissertation. University of California, Irvine. UMI 8893611.

     STDS74.DAT Vars. 1522-1557 Household division of work 9

1522.  ADULTS DO WAGE LABOR (codes not ordered)

    129    . = Missing data
     14    0 = Activity not present
     17    1 = Men Only
     10    2 = Men Predominant
      7    3 = Men and Women Equal
      1    4 = Women Predominant
      0    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      8    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      0    9 = Women, No Data on Men

1523.  CHILDREN DO WAGE LABOR (codes not ordered)

    148    . = Missing data
     14    0 = Activity not present
     10    1 = Boys Only
      5    2 = Boys Predominant
      1    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      0    4 = Girls Predominant
      0    5 = Girls Only
      8    6 = Not a Child's Task
      0    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      0    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys

1524.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 DO WAGE LABOR (codes not ordered)

    170    . = Missing data
     14    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      2    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1525.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 DO WAGE LABOR (codes not ordered)

    169    . = Missing data
     14    0 = Children this age do not do task
      1    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      2    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys


1526.  CHILDREN OVER 10 DO WAGE LABOR (codes not ordered)

    162    . = Missing data
     14    0 = Children this age do not do task
      6    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      2    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      1    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1527.  WHO CONTROLS THE EARNINGS OF WAGE LABOR? (codes not ordered)

    161    . = Missing data
     14    0 = None
      7    1 = Child
      2    2 = Parents
      0    3 = Other
      2    4 = Child and Parents

1528.  CHILDREN DO WAGE LABOR ALONE (codes not ordered)

    170    . = Missing data
     14    0 = Activity not present
      1    1 = Yes, Children do this
      1    2 = No, Children do not do this

1529.  CHILDREN DO WAGE LABOR WITH CHILDREN (codes not ordered)

    170    . = Missing data
     14    0 = Activity not present
      0    1 = Yes, Children do this
      2    2 = No, Children do not do this

1530.  CHILDREN DO WAGE LABOR WITH ADULTS (codes not ordered)

    170    . = Missing data
     14    0 = Activity not present
      1    1 = Yes, Children do this
      1    2 = No, Children do not do this

1531.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY DOING WAGE LABOR (codes not ordered)

    165    . = Missing data
     14    0 = Boys do not do this task
      1    1 = The most important task for boys
      4    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      2    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1532.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL DOING WAGE LABOR (codes not ordered)

    170    . = Missing data
     14    0 = Girls do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for Girls
      1    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      1    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys

1533.  ADULT PREFERENCE WAGE LABOR (codes not ordered)

    151    . = Missing data
     14    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     18    1 = Common or important adult task
      2    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      1    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1534.  ADULTS TRADE (codes not ordered)

    138    . = Missing data
      2    0 = Activity not present
      8    1 = Men Only
      5    2 = Men Predominant
     22    3 = Men and Women Equal
      5    4 = Women Predominant
      2    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      0    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      4    9 = Women, No Data on Men

1535.  CHILDREN TRADE (codes not ordered)

    156    . = Missing data
      2    0 = Activity not present
      4    1 = Boys Only
      1    2 = Boys Predominant
      3    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      0    4 = Girls Predominant
      4    5 = Girls Only
     14    6 = Not a Child's Task
      2    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      0    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys

1536.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 TRADE (codes not ordered)

    180    . = Missing data
      2    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      1    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      3    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1537.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 TRADE (codes not ordered)

    176    . = Missing data
      2    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      5    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      3    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1538.  CHILDREN OVER 10 TRADE (codes not ordered)

    170    . = Missing data
      2    0 = Children this age do not do task
      4    1 = Boys this age
      4    2 = Girls this age
      3    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      3    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1539.  WHO CONTROLS THE CASH FROM TRADE? (codes not ordered)

    173    . = Missing data
      3    0 = None
      7    1 = Child
      1    2 = Parents
      0    3 = Other
      2    4 = Child and Parents

1540.  CHILDREN TRADE ALONE (codes not ordered)

    176    . = Missing data
      3    0 = Activity not present
      4    1 = Yes, Children do this
      3    2 = No, Children do not do this

1541.  CHILDREN TRADE ALONGSIDE OTHER CHILDREN (codes not ordered)

    176    . = Missing data
      3    0 = Activity not present
      0    1 = Yes, Children do this
      7    2 = No, Children do not do this

1542.  CHILDREN TRADE ALONGSIDE ADULTS (codes not ordered)

    176    . = Missing data
      3    0 = Activity not present
      5    1 = Yes, Children do this
      2    2 = No, Children do not do this

1543.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY TRADING (codes not ordered)

    176    . = Missing data
      3    0 = Boys do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for boys
      7    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1544.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL TRADING (codes not ordered)

    176    . = Missing data
      3    0 = Girls do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for Girls
      7    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys

1545.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN TRADE (codes not ordered)

    131    . = Missing data
      2    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     33    1 = Common or important adult task
      0    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      0    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1546.  ADULTS GATHER (codes not ordered)

    133    . = Missing data
     11    0 = Activity not present
      0    1 = Men Only
      0    2 = Men Predominant
      4    3 = Men and Women Equal
      9    4 = Women Predominant
     26    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      1    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      1    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      1    9 = Women, No Data on Men

1547.  CHILDREN GATHER (codes not ordered)

    151    . = Missing data
     11    0 = Activity not present
      1    1 = Boys Only
      1    2 = Boys Predominant
      4    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      5    4 = Girls Predominant
      9    5 = Girls Only
      0    6 = Not a Child's Task
      3    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      1    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys

1548.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 GATHER (codes not ordered)

    173    . = Missing data
     11    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      1    2 = Girls this age
      1    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1549.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 GATHER (codes not ordered)

    162    . = Missing data
     11    0 = Children this age do not do task
      1    1 = Boys this age
      4    2 = Girls this age
      5    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      2    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys


1550.  CHILDREN OVER 10 GATHER (codes not ordered)

    159    . = Missing data
     11    0 = Children this age do not do task
      2    1 = Boys this age
      7    2 = Girls this age
      4    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      1    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      2    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1551.  WHO CONTROLS THE PRODUCTS OF GATHERING? (codes not ordered)

    156    . = Missing data
     11    0 = None (e.g., activity not present)
      0    1 = Product consumer is child only
     12    2 = Product consumer is household or community
      0    3 = Wage labor/product sold
      0    4 = Household and wage labor or product sold
      7    5 = 1 and 2 above

1552.  CHILDREN GATHER ALONE (codes not ordered)

    158    . = Missing data
     11    0 = Activity not present
      0    1 = Yes, Children do this
     17    2 = No, Children do not do this

1553.  CHILDREN GATHER WITH CHILDREN (codes not ordered)

    158    . = Missing data
     11    0 = Activity not present
      5    1 = Yes, Children do this
     12    2 = No, Children do not do this

1554.  CHILDREN GATHER WITH ADULTS (codes not ordered)

    158    . = Missing data
     11    0 = Activity not present
     15    1 = Yes, Children do this
      2    2 = No, Children do not do this

1555.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY GATHERING (codes not ordered)

    164    . = Missing data
     11    0 = Boys do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for boys
      7    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      4    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1556.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL GATHERING (codes not ordered)

    160    . = Missing data
     11    0 = Girls do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for Girls
     14    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      1    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys

1557.  ADULT PREFERENCE GATHERING (codes not ordered)

    139    . = Missing data
     11    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     36    1 = Common or important adult task
      0    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      0    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds75.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
HOUSEHOLD DIVISION OF WORK 10

Candice Bradley. 1987. Women, Children and Work. Unpublished Ph.D.
dissertation. University of California, Irvine. UMI 8893611.

     STDS75.DAT Vars. 1558-1591 Household division of work 10

1558.  ADULTS HUNT (codes not ordered)

    117    . = Missing data
     14    0 = Activity not present
     41    1 = Men Only
     12    2 = Men Predominant
      2    3 = Men and Women Equal
      0    4 = Women Predominant
      0    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      0    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      0    9 = Women, No Data on Men

1559.  CHILDREN HUNT (codes not ordered)

    129    . = Missing data
     14    0 = Activity not present
     31    1 = Boys Only
      4    2 = Boys Predominant
      3    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      0    4 = Girls Predominant
      0    5 = Girls Only
      2    6 = Not a Child's Task
      2    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      0    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys

1560.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 HUNT (codes not ordered)

    169    . = Missing data
     14    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      1    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      2    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1561.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 HUNT (codes not ordered)

    152    . = Missing data
     14    0 = Children this age do not do task
     14    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      3    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      2    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1562.  CHILDREN OVER 10 HUNT (codes not ordered)

    144    . = Missing data
     14    0 = Children this age do not do task
     21    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      5    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      2    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1563.  WHO CONTROLS THE PRODUCTS OF HUNTING? (codes not ordered)

    142    . = Missing data
     14    0 = None (e.g., activity not present)
      3    1 = Product consumer is child only
     10    2 = Product consumer is household or community
      0    3 = Wage labor/product sold
      3    4 = Household and wage labor or product sold
     12    5 = 1 and 2 above
      2    6 = All

1564.  CHILDREN HUNT ALONE (codes not ordered)

    144    . = Missing data
     14    0 = Activity not present
      7    1 = Yes, Children do this
     21    2 = No, Children do not do this

1565.  CHILDREN HUNT WITH CHILDREN (codes not ordered)

    143    . = Missing data
     14    0 = Activity not present
     19    1 = Yes, Children do this
     10    2 = No, Children do not do this

1566.  CHILDREN HUNT WITH ADULTS (codes not ordered)

    145    . = Missing data
     14    0 = Activity not present
     20    1 = Yes, Children do this
      7    2 = No, Children do not do this

1567.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY HUNTING (codes not ordered)

    146    . = Missing data
             = Activity not present ?
     14    0 = Boys do not do this task
      4    1 = The most important task for boys
     18    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      4    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1568.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL HUNTING

    167    . = Missing data
     14    0 = Girls do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for Girls
      5    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys

1569.  ADULT PREFERENCE HUNTING (codes not ordered)

    129    . = Missing data
     14    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     40    1 = Common or important adult task
      3    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      0    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1570.  ADULTS DO CHILD CARE (codes not ordered)

    122    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Activity not present
      0    1 = Men Only
      0    2 = Men Predominant
      4    3 = Men and Women Equal
     24    4 = Women Predominant
     33    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      0    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      3    9 = Women, No Data on Men

1571.  CHILDREN DO CHILD CARE (codes not ordered)

    138    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Activity not present
      0    1 = Boys Only
      0    2 = Boys Predominant
     10    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
     13    4 = Girls Predominant
     13    5 = Girls Only
      1    6 = Not a Child's Task
      7    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      4    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys

1572.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 DO CHILD CARE (codes not ordered)

    181    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      3    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      2    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1573.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 DO CHILD CARE (codes not ordered)

    156    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      9    2 = Girls this age
     14    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      2    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      5    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys


1574.  CHILDREN OVER 10 DO CHILD CARE (codes not ordered)

    159    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      9    2 = Girls this age
     10    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      1    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      7    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1575.  CHILDREN DO CHILD CARE ALONE (codes not ordered)

    172    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Activity not present
      4    1 = Yes, Children do this
     10    2 = No, Children do not do this

1576.  CHILDREN DO CHILD CARE ALONG WITH OTHER CHILDREN (codes not ordered)

    173    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Activity not present
      8    1 = Yes, Children do this
      5    2 = No, Children do not do this

1577.  CHILDREN DO CHILD CARE WITH ADULTS (codes not ordered)

    174    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Activity not present
      9    1 = Yes, Children do this
      3    2 = No, Children do not do this

1578.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY DOING CHILD CARE (codes not ordered)

    167    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Boys do not do this task
      2    1 = The most important task for boys
     11    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      6    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1579.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL DOING CHILD CARE (codes not ordered)

    152    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Girls do not do this task
      3    1 = The most important task for Girls
     30    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      1    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys

1580.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN CHILD CARE (codes not ordered)

    129    . = Missing data
      0    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     56    1 = Common or important adult task
      1    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      0    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1581.  ADULTS DO HOUSEKEEPING (codes not ordered)

    135    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Activity not present
      0    1 = Men Only
      0    2 = Men Predominant
      1    3 = Men and Women Equal
      7    4 = Women Predominant
     39    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      0    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      3    9 = Women, No Data on Men

1582.  CHILDREN DO HOUSEKEEPING (codes not ordered)

    144    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Activity not present
      0    1 = Boys Only
      0    2 = Boys Predominant
      1    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      9    4 = Girls Predominant
     27    5 = Girls Only
      0    6 = Not a Child's Task
      2    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      2    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys

1583.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 DO HOUSEKEEPING

    183    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      1    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      1    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1584.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 DO HOUSEKEEPING (codes not ordered)

    162    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
     17    2 = Girls this age
      5    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      1    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1585.  CHILDREN OVER 10 DO HOUSEKEEPING (codes not ordered)

    161    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
     17    2 = Girls this age
      6    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      1    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1586.  CHILDREN DO HOUSEKEEPING ALONE (codes not ordered)

    165    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Activity not present
      4    1 = Yes, Children do this
     16    2 = No, Children do not do this

1587.  CHILDREN DO HOUSEKEEPING WITH CHILDREN (codes not ordered)

    163    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Activity not present
      2    1 = Yes, Children do this
     20    2 = No, Children do not do this

1588.  CHILDREN DO HOUSEKEEPING WITH ADULTS (codes not ordered)

    163    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Activity not present
     22    1 = Yes, Children do this
      0    2 = No, Children do not do this

1589.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY HOUSEKEEPING (codes not ordered)

    178    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Boys do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for boys
      4    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      3    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1590.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL HOUSEKEEPING (codes not ordered)

    159    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Girls do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for Girls
     26    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys

1591.  ADULT PREFERENCE HOUSEKEEPING (codes not ordered)

    140    . = Missing data
      1    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     45    1 = Common or important adult task
      0    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      0    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds76.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
HOUSEHOLD DIVISION OF WORK 11

Candice Bradley. 1987. Women, Children and Work. Unpublished Ph.D.
dissertation. University of California, Irvine.  UMI 8893611.

     STDS76.DAT Vars. 1592-1614 Household division of work 11

1592.  ADULTS COOK (codes not ordered)

    110    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Activity not present
      0    1 = Men Only
      1    2 = Men Predominant
      1    3 = Men and Women Equal
     25    4 = Women Predominant
     44    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      0    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      1    9 = Women, No Data on Men

1593.  CHILDREN COOK (codes not ordered)

    136    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Activity not present
      0    1 = Boys Only
      1    2 = Boys Predominant
      2    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
     12    4 = Girls Predominant
     31    5 = Girls Only
      2    6 = Not a Child's Task
      1    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      1    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys

1594.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 COOK (codes not ordered)

    180    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      3    2 = Girls this age
      1    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      2    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1595.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 COOK (codes not ordered)

    159    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
     17    2 = Girls this age
      7    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      2    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      1    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1596.  CHILDREN OVER 10 COOK (codes not ordered)

    153    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Children this age do not do task
      1    1 = Boys this age
     21    2 = Girls this age
      8    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      2    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      1    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1597.  WHO CONTROLS THE PRODUCTS OF COOKING? (codes not ordered)

    147    . = Missing data
      0    0 = None (e.g., activity not present)
      0    1 = Product consumer is child only
      0    2 = Product consumer is household or community
      1    3 = Wage labor/Product sold
      0    4 = Household and wage labor or product sold
     37    5 = 1 and 2 above
      1    6 = All

1598.  CHILDREN COOK ALONE (codes not ordered)

    162    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Activity not present
      2    1 = Yes, Children do this
     22    2 = No, Children do not do this

1599.  CHILDREN COOK WITH CHILDREN (codes not ordered)

    162    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Activity not present
      5    1 = Yes, Children do this
     19    2 = No, Children do not do this

1600.  CHILDREN COOK WITH ADULTS (codes not ordered)

    162    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Activity not present
     24    1 = Yes, Children do this
      0    2 = No, Children do not do this

1601.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY COOKING (codes not ordered)

    176    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Boys do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for boys
      5    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      5    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1602.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL COOKING (codes not ordered)

    148    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Girls do not do this task
      1    1 = The most important task for Girls
     37    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys

1603.  ADULT PREFERENCE COOKING (codes not ordered)

    119    . = Missing data
      0    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     66    1 = Common or important adult task
      1    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      0    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1604.  ADULTS TEND FIRES (codes not ordered)

    156    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Activity not present
      0    1 = Men Only
      0    2 = Men Predominant
      4    3 = Men and Women Equal
      6    4 = Women Predominant
     15    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      2    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      3    9 = Women, No Data on Men

1605.  CHILDREN TEND FIRES (codes not ordered)

    172    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Activity not present
      0    1 = Boys Only
      0    2 = Boys Predominant
      1    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      3    4 = Girls Predominant
      4    5 = Girls Only
      0    6 = Not a Child's Task
      3    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      3    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys

1606.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 TEND FIRES (codes not ordered)

    186    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1607.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 TEND FIRES (codes not ordered)

    179    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      4    2 = Girls this age
      2    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      1    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys


1608.  CHILDREN OVER 10 TEND FIRES (codes not ordered)

    178    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Children this age do not do task
      1    1 = Boys this age
      4    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      2    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      1    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1609.  CHILDREN TEND FIRES ALONE (codes not ordered)

    182    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Activity not present
      0    1 = Yes, Children do this
      4    2 = No, Children do not do this

1610.  CHILDREN TEND FIRES ALONG WITH OTHER CHILDREN (codes not ordered)

    182    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Activity not present
      1    1 = Yes, Children do this
      3    2 = No, Children do not do this

1611.  CHILDREN TEND FIRES WITH ADULTS (codes not ordered)

    182    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Activity not present
      4    1 = Yes, Children do this
      0    2 = No, Children do not do this

1612.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY TENDING FIRES (codes not ordered)

    181    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Boys do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for boys
      3    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      2    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1613.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL TENDING FIRES (codes not ordered)

    178    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Girls do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for Girls
      8    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys

1614.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN TENDING FIRES

    167    . = Missing data
      0    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     18    1 = Common or important adult task
      1    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      0    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds77.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
    HOUSEHOLD DIVISION OF WORK 12

    Candice Bradley. 1987. Women, Children and Work. Unpublished
      Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Irvine.
      UMI 8893611.

     STDS77.DAT Vars. 1615-1647 Household division of work 12

1615.  ADULTS GATHER FUEL (codes not ordered)

    135    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Activity not present
      0    1 = Men Only
      5    2 = Men Predominant
      2    3 = Men and Women Equal
     13    4 = Women Predominant
     27    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      1    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      3    9 = Women, No Data on Men

1616.  CHILDREN GATHER FUEL (codes not ordered)

    138    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Activity not present
      2    1 = Boys Only
      4    2 = Boys Predominant
      5    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      6    4 = Girls Predominant
     21    5 = Girls Only
      0    6 = Not a Child's Task
      7    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      2    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys

1617.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 GATHER FUEL (codes not ordered)

    180    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Children this age do not do task
      1    1 = Boys this age
      2    2 = Girls this age
      2    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      1    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1618.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 GATHER FUEL (codes not ordered)

    164    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      9    2 = Girls this age
      8    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      1    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      3    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1619.  CHILDREN OVER 10 GATHER FUEL (codes not ordered)

    164    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Children this age do not do task
      1    1 = Boys this age
     10    2 = Girls this age
      7    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      3    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1620.  CHILDREN GATHER FUEL ALONE (codes not ordered)

    173    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Activity not present
      3    1 = Yes, Children do this
     10    2 = No, Children do not do this

1621.  CHILDREN GATHER FUEL WITH CHILDREN (codes not ordered)

    172    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Activity not present
      4    1 = Yes, Children do this
     10    2 = No, Children do not do this

1622.  CHILDREN GATHER FUEL WITH ADULTS (codes not ordered)

    173    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Activity not present
     13    1 = Yes, Children do this
      0    2 = No, Children do not do this

1623.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY GATHERING FUEL (codes not ordered)

    172    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Boys do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for boys
     10    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      4    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1624.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL GATHERING FUEL (codes not ordered)

    158    . = Missing data
      0    0 = Girls do not do this task
      1    1 = The most important task for Girls
     26    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      1    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys

1625.  ADULT PREFERENCE FUEL GATHERING (codes not ordered)

    145    . = Missing data
      0    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     36    1 = Common or important adult task
      3    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      2    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1626.  ADULTS CARRY BURDENS (codes not ordered)

    135    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Activity not present
      2    1 = Men Only
      5    2 = Men Predominant
      9    3 = Men and Women Equal
     15    4 = Women Predominant
      7    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      2    8 = Men, No Data on Women
     10    9 = Women, No Data on Men

1627.  CHILDREN CARRY BURDENS (codes not ordered)

    161    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Activity not present
      1    1 = Boys Only
      1    2 = Boys Predominant
      6    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
      3    4 = Girls Predominant
      5    5 = Girls Only
      1    6 = Not a Child's Task
      4    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      2    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys

1628.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 CARRY BURDENS (codes not ordered)

    182    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      1    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      2    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1629.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 CARRY BURDENS (codes not ordered)

    181    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      0    2 = Girls this age
      3    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      1    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1630.  CHILDREN OVER 10 CARRY BURDENS (codes not ordered)

    177    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Children this age do not do task
      1    1 = Boys this age
      2    2 = Girls this age
      3    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      1    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1631.  CHILDREN CARRY BURDENS ALONE (codes not ordered)

    180    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Activity not present
      1    1 = Yes, Children do this
      4    2 = No, Children do not do this

1632.  CHILDREN CARRY BURDENS ALONG WITH OTHER CHILDREN (codes not ordered)

    180    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Activity not present
      2    1 = Yes, Children do this
      3    2 = No, Children do not do this

1633.  CHILDREN CARRY BURDENS WITH ADULTS (codes not ordered)

    180    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Activity not present
      5    1 = Yes, Children do this
      0    2 = No, Children do not do this

1634.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY CARRYING BURDENS (codes not ordered)

    180    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Boys do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for boys
      4    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      1    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1635.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL CARRYING BURDENS (codes not ordered)

    174    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Girls do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for Girls
     11    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys

1636.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN CARRYING BURDENS (codes not ordered)

    158    . = Missing data
      1    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     26    1 = Common or important adult task
      1    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      0    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

1637.  ADULTS CARRY WATER (codes not ordered)

    135    . = Missing data
      2    0 = Activity not present
      0    1 = Men Only
      1    2 = Men Predominant
      2    3 = Men and Women Equal
      5    4 = Women Predominant
     39    5 = Women Only
      0    6 = Not an Adult Task
      0    7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
      0    8 = Men, No Data on Women
      2    9 = Women, No Data on Men

1638.  CHILDREN CARRY WATER (codes not ordered)

    137    . = Missing data
      2    0 = Activity not present
      1    1 = Boys Only
      0    2 = Boys Predominant
      3    3 = Boys and Girls Equal
     10    4 = Girls Predominant
     26    5 = Girls Only
      0    6 = Not a Child's Task
      5    7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
      1    9 = Girls, No Data on Boys

1639.  CHILDREN UNDER 6 CARRY WATER (codes not ordered)

    180    . = Missing data
      2    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
      4    2 = Girls this age
      0    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      0    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      0    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1640.  CHILDREN 6 TO 10 CARRY WATER (codes not ordered)

    156    . = Missing data
      2    0 = Children this age do not do task
      0    1 = Boys this age
     16    2 = Girls this age
      9    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      2    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1641.  CHILDREN OVER 10 CARRY WATER
    154    . = Missing data
      2    0 = Children this age do not do task
      1    1 = Boys this age
     20    2 = Girls this age
      6    3 = Boys and Girls this age
      0    4 = Not a Child's Task
      0    5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
      1    6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
      2    7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

1642.  CHILDREN CARRY WATER ALONE (codes not ordered)

    172    . = Missing data
      2    0 = Activity not present
      1    1 = Yes, Children do this
     11    2 = No, Children do not do this

1643.  CHILDREN CARRY WATER ALONG WITH OTHER CHILDREN (codes not ordered)

    171    . = Missing data
      2    0 = Activity not present
      8    1 = Yes, Children do this
      5    2 = No, Children do not do this


1644.  CHILDREN CARRY WATER WITH ADULTS (codes not ordered)

    172    . = Missing data
      2    0 = Activity not present
      9    1 = Yes, Children do this
      3    2 = No, Children do not do this

1645.  IMPORTANCE OF BOY CARRYING WATER (codes not ordered)

    172    . = Missing data
      2    0 = Boys do not do this task
      0    1 = The most important task for boys
      7    2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
      5    3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

1646.  IMPORTANCE OF GIRL CARRYING WATER (codes not ordered)

    155    . = Missing data
      2    0 = Girls do not do this task
      2    1 = The most important task for Girls
     27    2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
      0    3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys

1647.  ADULT PREFERENCE IN CARRYING WATER (codes not ordered)

    148    . = Missing data
      2    0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
     31    1 = Common or important adult task
      4    2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
      1    3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds78.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
    WARFARE, AGGRESSION, AND RESOURCE PROBLEMS CODES

    Ember, Carol R. and Melvin Ember. 1992. Codebook for "Warfare, Aggression, and
    Resource Problems: Cross-Cultural Codes".  Behavior Science Research; Vol 26:
    169-186.

     STDS78.DAT Vars. 1648-1691 Warfare, Aggression, Resource Problems

1648.  Overall frequency of warfare (resolved rating) (codes not ordered)

     19    0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
     39    1 = Warfare seems to be absent or rare (original code 1)
      2    2 = original code 1.25
      5    3 = original code 1.5
      1    4 = original code 1.625
      2    5 = original code 1.75
      9    6 = Warfare seems to occur once every 3 to 10 years
           *   (original code 2)
      3    7 = original code 2.25
      6    8 = original code 2.5
      4    9 = original code 2.75
      4   10 = Warfare seems to occur at least once every 2 years
           *   (original code 3)
      4   11 = original code 3.25
      9   12 = original code 3.5
      5   13 = original code 3.75
      5   14 = Warfare seems to occur every year, but usually only
           *   during a particular season (original code 4)
      1   15 = original code 4.25
     12   16 = original code 4.5
      5   17 = original code 4.75
     44   18 = Warfare seems to occur almost constantly and at any
           *   time of the year (original code 5)
      7   88 = Don't know or unclear (original code 8)

1649.  Frequency of internal warfare (resolved rating) (codes not ordered)

     23    0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
     60    1 = Internal warfare seems to be absent or rare
           *   (original code 1)
      4    2 = original code 1.25
      5    3 = original code 1.5
      4    4 = original code 1.75
      7    5 = Internal warfare seems to occur once every 3 to 10
           *   years (original code 2)
      3    6 = original code 2.25
      5    7 = original code 2.5
      2    8 = original code 2.75
      4    9 = Internal warfare seems to occur once every 2 years
           *   (original code 3)
      3   10 = original code 3.25
      6   11 = original code 3.5
      2   12 = original code 3.75
      8   13 = Internal warfare seems to occur every year, but
           *   usually only during a particular season (original code 4)
      1   14 = original code 4.25
     10   15 = original code 4.5
      1   16 = original code 4.75
     27   17 = Internal warfare seems to occur almost constantly and
           *   at any time of the year (original code 5)
     11   88 = Don't know or unclear (original code 8)

1650.  Frequency of external warfare (resolved rating) (codes not ordered)

     26    0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
     52    1 = External warfare seems to be absent or rare (original code 1)
      2    2 = original code 1.25
      8    3 = original code 1.5
      1    4 = original code 1.75
     10    5 = External warfare seems to occur once every 3 to 10
           *   years (original code 2)
      3    6 = original code 2.25
      7    7 = original code 2.5
      2    8 = original code 2.75
      6    9 = External warfare seems to occur at least once every
           *   two years (original code 3)
      3   10 = original code 3.25
      3   11 = original code 3.5
      3   12 = original code 3.75
      5   13 = External warfare seems to occur every year, but
           *   usually only during a particular season (original code 4)
      1   14 = original code 4.25
      7   15 = original code 4.5
      4   16 = original code 4.75
     37   17 = External warfare seems to occur almost constantly and
           *   at any time of the year (original code 5)
      6   88 = Don't know or unclear (original code 8)

1651.  Reliability of Overall Warfare Ratings (codes not ordered)

     11    0 = No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in STDS78.REL
           *   for reasons)
     80    1 = The different coders agree perfectly (including the
           *   situation when they both said "don't know")
     21    2 = The different coders are not more than .5 point apart
           *   on the original scale
     24    3 = The different coders are not more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
      1    4 = One of the first two coders says "don't know" and the
           *   other two coders would have received a reliability
           *   score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters
     11    5 = The coders are more than 1 point apart on the original
           *   scale, but the ratings do not cross the dichotomy on
           *   frequency (greater than or equal to once every two years
           *   vs. less often) that we have used in previous studies of
           *   warfare
      2    6 = One coder says "don't know" and the two others would
           *   have received a reliability score of 5 if they had
           *   been the only raters
     31    7 = Two coders are more than 1 point apart and do not meet
           *   the condition mentioned in reliability score 5
      5    8 = One rater says "don't know" and does not meet the
           *   conditions specified in reliability scores 4 or 6

1652.  Reliability of Internal Warfare Ratings (codes not ordered)

     12    0 = No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in STDS78.REL
           *   for reasons)
     84    1 = The different coders agree perfectly (including the
           *   situation when they both said "don't know")
     11    2 = The different coders are not more than .5 point apart
           *   on the original scale
     19    3 = The different coders are not more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
      7    4 = One of the first two coders says "don't know" and the
           *   other two coders would have received a reliability
           *   score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters
      6    5 = The coders are more than 1 point apart on the original
           *   scale, but the ratings do not cross the dichotomy on
           *   frequency (greater than or equal to once every two years
           *   vs. less often) that we have used in previous studies of
           *   warfare
      2    6 = One coder says "don't know" and the two others would
           *   have received a reliability score of 5 if they had
           *   been the only raters
     35    7 = Two coders are more than 1 point apart and do not meet
           *   the condition mentioned in reliability score 5
     10    8 = One rater says "don't know" and does not meet the
           *   conditions specified in reliability scores 4 or 6

1653.  Reliability of External Warfare Ratings (codes not ordered)

     14    0 = No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in STDS78.REL
           *   for reasons)
     84    1 = The different coders agree perfectly (including the
           *   situation when they both said "don't know")
     13    2 = The different coders are not more than .5 point apart
     20    3 = The different coders are not more than 1 point apart
      4    4 = One of the first two coders says " don't know" and the
           *   other two coders would have received a reliability
           *   score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters
     11    5 = The coders are more than 1 point apart, but the
           *   ratings do not cross the dichotomy on frequency
           *   (greater than or equal to once every two years vs.
           *   less often) that we have used in previous studies of
           *   warfare
      3    6 = One coder says "don't know" and the two others would
           *   have received a reliability score of 5 if they had
           *   been the only raters
     23    7 = Two coders are more than 1 point apart and do not meet
           *   the condition mentioned in reliability score 5
     14    8 = One rater says "don't know" and does not meet the
           *   conditions specified in reliability scores 4 or 6

1654.  Pacification

     73    1 = Not pacified for all or part of the twenty-five-year
           *   time period (as reported by ethnographer)
     41    2 = Inferred to be unpacified because warfare frequency is
           *   greater than or equal to 3
      9    3 = Not completely pacified: some indication that warfare
           *   has decreased because of pacification attempts
     28    4 = Pacified before the twenty-five-year ethnographic
           *   present
      3    6 = The culture is part of a state society; since the
           *   culture is not independent, pacification cannot be
           *   judged
     19    7 = Ambiguous or contradictory information
     13    9 = Not enough information to judge

1655.  Outcomes regarding land in internal warfare (codes not ordered)

     32    0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
     27    1 = The defeated are never driven from their territory
           *   (original code 1)
      1    2 = original code 1.25
      2    3 = original code 1.5
      4    4 = The defeated are sometimes driven from their
           *   territory, and the victorious rarely use the land of
           *   the defeated (original code 2)
      3    5 = original code 2.5
     16    6 = The defeated are sometimes driven from their
           *   territory, and the victorious sometimes use the land
           *   of the defeated (original code 3)
      1    7 = original code 3.75
      2    8 = The defeated are usually driven from their territory,
           *   and the victorious sometimes use the land of the
           *   defeated (original code 4)
      1    9 = original code 4.5
      1   10 = original code 4.75
     10   11 = The defeated are usually driven from their territory,
           *   and the victorious usually use the land of the
           *   defeated (original code 5)
      2   12 = Land is taken, but apparently not used (original code 7)
     30   88 = Don't know (original code 8)
     54   99 = Not applicable (there is no or rare warfare of this type)
           *   (original code 9)

1656.  Outcomes regarding land in external warfare (codes not ordered)

     41    0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
     21    1 = The defeated are never driven from their territory
           *   (original code 1)
      2    2 = original code 1.5
      6    3 = The defeated are sometimes driven from their
           *   territory, and the victorious rarely use the land of
           *   the defeated (original code 2)
      3    4 = original code 2.5
     10    5 = The defeated are sometimes driven from their
           *   territory, and the victorious sometimes use the land
           *   of the defeated (original code 3)
      1    6 = original code 3.25
      2    7 = original code 3.5
      4    8 = The defeated are usually driven from their territory,
           *   and the victorious sometimes use the land of the
           *   defeated (original code 4)
      5    9 = original code 4.5
     17   10 = The defeated are usually driven from their territory,
           *   and the victorious usually use the land of the
           *   defeated (original code 5)
     25   88 = Don't know (original code 8)
     49   99 = Not applicable (there is no or rare warfare of this type)
           *   (original code 9)

1657.  Outcomes regarding land in war overall - combined scale scores (codes not ordered)
         from Vars 1655 and 1656 according to the rules following
         this section:

    106    0 = No score (original code 0)
     22    1 = Original score 1
      2    2 = Original score 1.5
      5    3 = Original score 2
      2    4 = Original score 2.5
     17    5 = Original score 3
      1    6 = Original score 3.25
      5    7 = Original score 4
      5    8 = Original score 4.5
     21    9 = Original score 5
         If both internal and external warfare were present,
         and if the coders made a resolved rating for both
         types of outcomes, we used the higher scale score of
         Vars 1655 or 1656 for the rating of Var 1657.
         If there was only one resolved rating (between 1 and
         5 on the original scale) and the other rating was
         8 ("don't know"), we used the former, but only if that score
         was in the high categories (3-5); if the former scale was in the
         low categories (1-2), the case was listed as uncodable in Var 1657.
         If there was only 1 resolved rating between 1 and 5,
         and if the other rating was 9 ("not applicable"), we
         used the former for Var 1657.
         If the case could not be coded for the above rules, or
         if the scores for internal and external warfare were 8
         or 9, the case was scored as 0.

1658.  Outcomes regarding nonland resources in internal warfare (codes not ordered)

     33    0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
      7    1 = Nonland resources are never taken from the defeated
           *   (original code 1)
      1    2 = original code 1.25
      1    3 = original code 1.75
      4    4 = Nonland resources are sometimes taken from the
           *   defeated (original code 2)
      2    5 = original code 2.25
      4    6 = original code 2.5
      1    7 = original code 2.75
      3    8 = Nonland resources are usually taken from the defeated
           *   (original code 3)
      1    9 = original code 3.25
     12   10 = original code 3.5
      1   11 = original code 3.75
     38   12 = Nonland resources are always taken from the defeated
           *   (original code 4)
     25   88 = Don't know (original code 8)
     53   99 = Not applicable (there is no warfare of this type)
           *   (original code 9)

1659.  Outcomes regarding nonland resources in external warfare (codes not ordered)

     34    0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
      2    1 = Nonland resources are never taken from the defeated
           *   (original code 1)
      1    2 = original code 1.5
      1    3 = original code 1.75
      1    4 = Nonland resources are sometimes taken from the
           *   defeated (original code 2)
      2    5 = original code 2.25
      4    6 = original code 2.5
      1    7 = original code 2.75
      4    8 = Nonland resources are usually taken from the defeated
           *   (original code 3)
     13    9 = original code 3.5
      5   10 = original code 3.75
     49   11 = Nonland resources are always taken from the defeated
           *   (original code 4)
     20   12 = Don't know (original code 8)
     49   88 = Not applicable (there is no or rare warfare of this type)
           *   (original code 9)

1660.  Outcomes regarding nonland resources in war overall - combined scale (codes not ordered)
         scores from Vars 1658 and 1659 according to the rules following this section:

     89    0 = No score (original code 0)
      3    1 = Original score 1
      2    2 = Original score 1.75
      1    3 = Original score 2
      2    4 = Original score 2.25
      3    5 = Original score 2.5
      2    6 = Original score 2.75
      3    7 = Original score 3
     16    8 = Original score 3.5
      4    9 = Original score 3.75
     61   10 = Original score 4
         If both internal and external warfare were present,
         and if the coders made a resolved rating for both
         types of outcomes, we used the higher scale score of
         Var 1658 or 1659 for the rating of Var 1660.
         If there was only one resolved rating (between 1 and
         5 on the original scale) and the other rating was
         8 ("don't know"), we used the former, but only if that
         score was in the high categories (3-4); if the former
         scale was in the low categories (1-2), the case was listed
         as uncodable in Var 1660.
         If there was only 1 resolved rating between 1 and 5,
         and if the other rating was 9 ("not applicable"), we
         used the former for Var 1660.
         If the case could not be coded for the above rules, or
         if the original scores for internal and external warfare
         were 8 or 9, the case was scored as 0.

1661.  Reliability of Outcomes of Internal Warfare Ratings (Var. 1655) (codes not ordered)

     17    0 = No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in STDS78.REL
           *   for reasons)
     89    1 = The different coders agree perfectly (including the
           *   situation when they both said "don't know")
      2    2 = The different coders are not more than .5 apart
           *   on the original scale
      5    3 = The different coders are not more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
     11    4 = One coder says "don't know" or "not applicable" and
           *   the other two coders would have received a reliability
           *   score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters
      5    5 = The coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale
           *   (from 1-5), but the ratings do not cross the dichotomy
           *   between scores 2 and 3 on Var. 1655
     12    6 = One coder says "don't know" or "not applicable", and
           *   the two others would have received a reliability score
           *   of 5 if they had been the only raters.  Also scored as
           *   6: one coder said "don't know" and the other said "not
           *   applicable"
      7    7 = Two coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale
           *   and their scores are not on one side of the dichotomy
           *   mentioned in reliability score 5
     38    8 = One of the two or three raters says "don't know" or
           *   "not applicable", and the second one (if only two
           *   raters) assigned a score of 1-5 to the case; if there
           *   are three raters, the other two do not meet the
           *   reliability conditions of reliability scores 4 or 6

1662.  Reliability of Outcomes of External Warfare Ratings (Var. 1656) (codes not ordered)

     18    0 = No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in STDS78.REL
           *   for reasons)
     65    1 = The different coders agree perfectly (including the
           *   situation when they both said "don't know")
      1    2 = The different coders are not more than .5 apart
           *   on the original scale
      6    3 = The different coders are not more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
     10    4 = One coder says "don't know" or "not applicable" and
           *   the other two coders would have received a reliability
           *   score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters
      7    5 = The coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale
           *   (from 1-5), but the ratings do not cross the dichotomy
           *   between scores 2 and 3 on Var. 1656
     14    6 = One coder says "don't know" or "not applicable", and
           *   the two others would have received a reliability score
           *   of 5 if they had been the only raters.  Also scored as
           *   6: one coder said "don't know" and the other said "not
           *   applicable"
     16    7 = Two coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale
           *   and their scores are not on one side of the dichotomy
           *   mentioned in reliability score 5
     49    8 = One of the two or three raters says "don't know" or
           *   "not applicable", and the second one (if only two
           *   raters) assigned a score of 1-5 to the case; if there
           *   are three raters, the other two do not meet the
           *   reliability conditions of reliability scores 4 or 6

1663.  Reliability of Outcomes of Internal Warfare Ratings (Var. 1658) (codes not ordered)

     18    0 = No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in STDS78.REL
           *   for reasons)
     83    1 = The different coders agree perfectly (including the
           *   situation when they both said "don't know")
      3    2 = The different coders are not more than .5 apart
           *   on the original scale
     15    3 = The different coders are not more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
     17    4 = One coder says "don't know" or "not applicable" and
           *   the other two coders would have received a reliability
           *   score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters
      4    5 = The coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale
           *   (from 1-5), but the ratings do not cross the dichotomy
           *   between scores 1 and 2 on Var. 1658
     11    6 = One coder says "don't know" or "not applicable", and
           *   the two others would have received a reliability score
           *   of 5 if they had been the only raters.  Also scored as
           *   6: one coder said "don't know" and the other said "not
           *   applicable"
      4    7 = Two coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale
           *   and their scores are not on one side of the dichotomy
           *   mentioned in reliability score 5
     31    8 = One of the two or three raters says "don't know" or
           *   "not applicable", and the second one (if only two
           *   raters) assigned a score of 1-5 to the case; if there
           *   are three raters, the other two do not meet the
           *   reliability conditions of reliability scores 4 or 6

1664.  Reliability of Outcomes of External Warfare ratings (Var. 1659) (codes not ordered)

     18    0 = No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in STDS78.REL
           *   for reasons)
     79    1 = The different coders agree perfectly (including the
           *   situation when they both said "don't know")
      4    2 = The different coders are not more than .5 apart
           *   on the original scale
     12    3 = The different coders are not more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
     21    4 = One coder says "don't know" or "not applicable" and
           *   the other two coders would have received a reliability
           *   score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters
      3    5 = The coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale
           *   (from 1-5), but the ratings do not cross the dichotomy
           *   between scores 1 and 2 on Var. 1659
     13    6 = One coder says "don't know" or "not applicable", and
           *   the two others would have received a reliability score
           *   of 5 if they had been the only raters.  Also scored as
           *   6: one coder said "don't know" and the other said "not
           *   applicable"
      0    7 = Two coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale
           *   and their scores are not on one side of the dichotomy
           *   mentioned in reliability score 5
     36    8 = One of the two or three raters says "don't know" or
           *   "not applicable", and the second one (if only two
           *   raters) assigned a score of 1-5 to the case; if there
           *   are three raters, the other two do not meet the
           *   reliability conditions of reliability scores 4 or 6

1665.  Individual Aggression - Homicide (codes not ordered)

     31    0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
     45    1 = Low (original code 1)
      8    2 = original code 1.25
     10    3 = original code 1.5
      2    4 = original code 1.75
     25    5 = Moderate (original code 2)
      6    6 = original code 2.25
      7    7 = original code 2.5
      5    8 = original code 2.75
     13    9 = High (original code 3)
     34   88 = Don't know (original code 8)

1666.  Individual Aggression - Assault (codes not ordered)

     31    0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
     29    1 = Low (original code 1)
      7    2 = original code 1.25
     13    3 = original code 1.5
      2    4 = original code 1.75
     20    5 = Moderate (original code 2)
      4    6 = original code 2.25
      7    7 = original code 2.5
      6    8 = original code 2.75
     25    9 = High (original code 3)
     42   88 = Don't know (original code 8)

1667.  Individual Aggression - Theft (codes not ordered)

     32    0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
     37    1 = Low (original code 1)
      4    2 = original code 1.25
     14    3 = original code 1.5
      2    4 = original code 1.75
     21    5 = Moderate (original code 2)
      1    6 = original code 2.25
      8    7 = original code 2.5
      2    8 = original code 2.75
     23    9 = High (original code 3)
     42   88 = Don't know (original code 8)

1668.  Individual Aggression - Trespass (codes not ordered)

     47    0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
     21    1 = Low (original code 1)
      1    2 = original code 1.25
      9    3 = original code 1.5
      1    4 = original code 1.75
     10    5 = Moderate (original code 2)
      0    6 = original code 2.25
      2    7 = original code 2.5
      1    8 = original code 2.75
      9    9 = High (original code 3)
     76   88 = Don't know (original code 8)
      9   99 = Not applicable (used only in the case of trespass)

1669.  Individual Aggression - Suicide (resolved ratings) (codes not ordered)

     27    0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
     46    1 = Low (original code 1)
      1    2 = original code 1.25
      5    3 = original code 1.5
      3    4 = original code 1.75
     19    5 = Moderate (original code 2)
      0    6 = original code 2.25
      7    7 = original code 2.5
      0    8 = original code 2.75
      6    9 = High (original code 3)
     72   88 = Don't know (original code 8)

1670.  Reliability of Individual Aggression Ratings-Homicide (Var. 1665) (codes not ordered)

     14    0 = No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in STDS78.REL
           *   for reasons)
     81    1 = The different coders agree perfectly (including the
           *   situation when they both said "don't know")
     12    2 = The different coders are not more than .5 apart
           *   on the original scale
     15    3 = The different coders are not more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
     14    4 = One coder says "don't know" or "not applicable" and
           *   the other two coders would have received a reliability
           *   score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters
     11    7 = Two coders are more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
     39    8 = One of the two or three raters says "don't know" or
           *   "not applicable", and the second one (if only two
           *   raters) assigned a score of 1-3 to the case; if there
           *   are three raters, the other two do not meet the
           *   reliability conditions of reliability score 4

1671.  Reliability of Individual Aggression Ratings-Assault (Var. 1666) (codes not ordered)

     14    0 = No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in STDS78.REL
           *   for reasons)
     81    1 = The different coders agree perfectly (including the
           *   situation when they both said "don't know")
     17    2 = The different coders are not more than .5 apart
           *   on the original scale
     26    3 = The different coders are not more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
      9    4 = One coder says "don't know" or "not applicable" and
           *   the other two coders would have received a reliability
           *   score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters
      9    7 = Two coders are more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
     30    8 = One of the two or three raters says "don't know" or
           *   "not applicable", and the second one (if only two
           *   raters) assigned a score of 1-3 to the case; if there
           *   are three raters, the other two do not meet the
           *   reliability conditions of reliability score 4

1672.  Reliability of Individual Aggression Ratings-Theft (Var. 1667) (codes not ordered)

     14    0 = No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in STDS78.REL
           *   for reasons)
     93    1 = The different coders agree perfectly (including the
           *   situation when they both said "don't know")
      6    2 = The different coders are not more than .5 apart
           *   on the original scale
     21    3 = The different coders are not more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
      7    4 = One coder says "don't know" or "not applicable" and
           *   the other two coders would have received a reliability
           *   score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters
     17    7 = Two coders are more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
     28    8 = One of the two or three raters says "don't know" or
           *   "not applicable", and the second one (if only two
           *   raters) assigned a score of 1-3 to the case; if there
           *   are three raters, the other two do not meet the
           *   reliability conditions of reliability score 4

1673.  Reliability of Individual Aggression Ratings-Trespass (Var. 1668) (codes not ordered)

     35    0 = No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in STDS78.REL
           *   for reasons)
     80    1 = The different coders agree perfectly (including the
           *   situation when they both said "don't know")
      1    2 = The different coders are not more than .5 apart
           *   on the original scale
      7    3 = The different coders are not more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
      8    4 = One coder says "don't know" or "not applicable" and
           *   the other two coders would have received a reliability
           *   score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters
      4    6 = One coder says "don't know" or "not applicable"
      1    7 = Two coders are more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
     50    8 = One of the two or three raters says "don't know" or
           *   "not applicable", and the second one (if only two
           *   raters) assigned a score of 1-3 to the case; if there
           *   are three raters, the other two do not meet the
           *   reliability conditions of reliability scores 4 or 6

1674.  Reliability of Individual Aggression Ratings-Suicide (Var. 1669) (codes not ordered)

     15    0 = No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in STDS78.REL
           *   for reasons)
    111    1 = The different coders agree perfectly (including the
           *   situation when they both said "don't know")
      3    2 = The different coders are not more than .5 apart
           *   on the original scale
     17    3 = The different coders are not more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
      6    4 = One coder says "don't know" or "not applicable" and
           *   the other two coders would have received a reliability
           *   score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters
      3    7 = Two coders are more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
     31    8 = One of the two or three raters says "don't know" or
           *   "not applicable", and the second one (if only two
           *   raters) assigned a score of 1-3 to the case; if there
           *   are three raters, the other two do not meet the
           *   reliability conditions of reliability score 4

1675.  Socially Organized Homicide (codes not ordered)

     83    0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
     23    1 = Low (original code 1)
      4    2 = original code 1.25
      5    3 = original code 1.5
      2    4 = original code 1.75
      8    5 = Moderate (original code 2)
      5    6 = original code 2.25
      6    7 = original code 2.5
      5    8 = original code 2.75
      9    9 = High (original code 3)
     36   88 = Don't know (original code 8)

1676.  Socially Organized Assault (codes not ordered)

     80    0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
     13    1 = Low (original code 1)
      3    2 = original code 1.5
      5    3 = Moderate (original code 2)
      2    4 = original code 2.25
      9    5 = original code 2.5
      3    6 = original code 2.75
     11    7 = High (original code 3)
     60    8 = Don't know (original code 8)

1677.  Socially Organized Theft (codes not ordered)

     81    0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
     22    1 = Low (original code 1)
      1    2 = original code 1.75
      2    3 = Moderate (original code 2)
      1    4 = original code 2.25
      3    5 = original code 2.5
      1    6 = original code 2.75
      8    7 = High (original code 3)
     67    8 = Don't know (original code 8)

1678.  Socially Organized Trespass (codes not ordered)

     88    0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
     11    1 = Low (original code 1)
      2    2 = original code 1.5
      5    3 = High (original code 3)
     71    8 = Don't know (original code 8)
      9    9 = Not applicable (used only in the case of trespass)
           *   (original code 9)

1679.  Reliability of Socially Organized Homicide Ratings (Var. 1675) (codes not ordered)

     70    0 = No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in STDS78.REL
           *   for reasons)
     43    1 = The different coders agree perfectly (including the
           *   situation when they both said "don't know")
      8    2 = The different coders are not more than .5 apart
           *   on the original scale
      7    3 = The different coders are not more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
     12    4 = One coder says "don't know" or "not applicable" and
           *   the other two coders would have received a reliability
           *   score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters
      7    7 = Two coders are more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
     39    8 = One of the two or three raters says "don't know" or
           *   "not applicable", and the second one (if only two
           *   raters) assigned a score of 1-3 to the case; if there
           *   are three raters, the other two do not meet the
           *   reliability conditions of reliability score 4

1680.  Reliability of Socially Organized Assault Ratings (Var. 1676) (codes not ordered)

     68    0 = No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in STDS78.REL
           *   for reasons)
     47    1 = The different coders agree perfectly (including the
           *   situation when they both said "don't know")
      2    2 = The different coders are not more than .5 apart
           *   on the original scale
     10    3 = The different coders are not more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
      6    4 = One coder says "don't know" or "not applicable" and
           *   the other two coders would have received a reliability
           *   score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters
      4    7 = Two coders are more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
     49    8 = One of the two or three raters says "don't know" or
           *   "not applicable", and the second one (if only two
           *   raters) assigned a score of 1-3 to the case; if there
           *   are three raters, the other two do not meet the
           *   reliability conditions of reliability score 4

1681.  Reliability of Socially Organized Theft Ratings (Var. 1677) (codes not ordered)

     68    0 = No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in STDS78.REL
           *   for reasons)
     53    1 = The different coders agree perfectly (including the
           *   situation when they both said "don't know")
      2    2 = The different coders are not more than .5 apart
           *   on the original scale
      1    3 = The different coders are not more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
      9    4 = One coder says "don't know" or "not applicable" and
           *   the other two coders would have received a reliability
           *   score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters
      3    7 = Two coders are more than 1 point apart
     50    8 = One of the two or three raters says "don't know" or
           *   "not applicable", and the second one (if only two
           *   raters) assigned a score of 1-3 to the case; if there
           *   are three raters, the other two do not meet the
           *   reliability conditions of reliability score 4

1682.  Reliability of Socially Organized Trespass Ratings (Var. 1678) (codes not ordered)

     73    0 = No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in STDS78.REL
           *   for reasons)
     54    1 = The different coders agree perfectly (including the
           *   situation when they both said "don't know")
      0    2 = The different coders are not more than .5 apart
           *   on the original scale
      0    3 = The different coders are not more than 1 point apart
           *   on the original scale
      7    4 = One coder says "don't know" or "not applicable" and
           *   the other two coders would have received a reliability
           *   score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters
      6    6 = One coder says "don't know," and the other said
           *   "not applicable"
     46    8 = One of the two or three raters says "don't know" or
           *   "not applicable", and the second one (if only two
           *   raters) assigned a score of 1-3 to the case; if there
           *   are three raters, the other two do not meet the
           *   reliability conditions of reliability scores 4

1683.  Threat of Famine (resolved rating) (codes not ordered)

     17    0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
     47    1 = Low threat of famine in the 25-year time period - food is
           *   reported to be ample or adequate, with no report of famine;
           *   or famine occurred only in the past; or occasional periods
           *   of food shortage are reported, but the scare foods are
           *   reported to be replaced by other available foods; or
           *   there may be chronic hunger in the absence of the
           *   conditions immediately below (original scores 2-4)
           *   (original code 1)
      1    2 = original code 1.5
     39    3 = Moderate threat of famine - there is no reported
           *   famine during the 25-year time period, but the
           *   ethnographer states that there is an ever present
           *   threat of famine (original code 2)
     21    4 = Moderately high threat of famine - one famine occurred
           *   during the 25-year time period (original code 3)
      2    5 = original code 3.5
      9    6 = High - more than one famine occurred during the
           *   25-year time period (original code 4)
     50    8 = Don't know (original code 8)

1684.  Threat of weather or pest disasters (codes not ordered)

     17    0 = No resolved rating
     29    1 = Low threat of severe natural disrupters of the food
           *   supply
     33    2 = Moderate threat of severe natural disrupters of food
           *   supply
     20    3 = Moderately high threat of severe natural disrupters of
           *   food supply
     32    4 = High
     55    8 = Don't know

1685.  Chronic resource problems (resolved ratings) (codes not ordered)

     16    0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
     73    1 = Low or rare (original code 1)
      6    2 = original code 1.5
     44    3 = There are some "hungry times" during the year when
           *   people complain that they do not have enough food or
           *   enough of a particular food (original code 2)
     14    4 = Some members of the population usually do not have
           *   enough to eat (original code 3)
      7    5 = Most members of the population usually do not have
           *   enough to eat - i.e., they are chronically
           *   undernourished (original code 4)
     26    8 = Don't know (original code 8)

1686.  Reliability of Threat of Famine Ratings (Var. 1683) (codes not ordered)

     15    0 = No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in STDS78.REL
           *   for reasons)
    102    1 = The different coders agree perfectly (including the
           *   situation when they both said "don't know")
      0    2 = The different coders are not more than .5 point apart
           *   on the original scale (except that the difference between
           *   1.0 and 1.5 is coded as 7 because 1.5 suggests some
           *   problem, whereas 1.0 suggests no problem)
     14    3 = The different coders are not more than 1 point apart,
           *   on the original scale and ratings do not cross the
           *   boundary between 1.0 (no problem), and some problem
           *   (1.5 and higher) on the original scale
     12    4 = One of the first two coders says "don't know", and the
           *   other two raters would have received a reliability
           *   score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters
      3    5 = The coders are more than 1 point apart on the original
           *   scale, but the ratings do not cross the dichotomy between
           *   1.0 and more than 1.0 on the original scale
      0    6 = One coder says "don't know" and the other two raters
           *   would have received a reliability score of 5 if they
           *   had been the only raters
      9    7 = Two coders are more than 1 point apart and their scores
           *   are not on one side of the dichotomy mentioned in
           *   reliability score 5
     31    8 = One of the two or three raters says "don't know", and
           *   the second one (if there are only two raters) is
           *   assigned a score of 1-5; if there are three raters,
           *   the other two do not meet the reliability conditions
           *   of reliability score 4 or 6

1687.  Reliability of Threat of Natural and Pest Disaster Rating (Var 1684) (codes not ordered)

     15    0 = No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in STDS78.REL
           *   for reasons)
     99    1 = The different coders agree perfectly (including the
           *   situation when they both said "don't know")
      1    2 = The different coders are not more than .5 point apart
           *   on the original scale (except that the difference between
           *   1.0 and 1.5 is coded as 7 because 1.5 suggests some
           *   problem, whereas 1.0 suggests no problem)
     13    3 = The different coders are not more than 1 point apart,
           *   on the original scale and ratings do not cross the
           *   boundary between 1.0 (no problem), and some problem
           *   (1.5 and higher) on the original scale
      7    4 = One of the first two coders says "don't know", and the
           *   other two raters would have received a reliability
           *   score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters
      9    5 = The coders are more than 1 point apart on the original
           *   scale, but the ratings do not cross the dichotomy between
           *   1.0 and more than 1.0 on the original scale
      0    6 = One coder says "don't know" and the other two raters
           *   would have received a reliability score of 5 if they
           *   had been the only raters
     11    7 = Two coders are more than 1 point apart on the original
           *   scale and their scores are not on one side of the
           *   dichotomy mentioned in reliability score 5
     31    8 = One of the two or three raters says "don't know", and
           *   the second one (if there are only two raters) is
           *   assigned a score of 1-5; if there are three raters,
           *   the other two do not meet the reliability conditions
           *   of reliability score 4

1688.  Reliability of Chronic Scarcity Ratings (Var. 1685) (codes not ordered)

     12    0 = No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in STDS78.REL
           *   for reasons)
    106    1 = The different coders agree perfectly (including the
           *   situation when they both said "don't know")
      4    2 = The different coders are not more than .5 point apart
           *   on the original scale (except that the difference between
           *   1.0 and 1.5 is coded as 7 because 1.5 suggests some
           *   problem, whereas 1.0 suggests no problem)
      8    3 = The different coders are not more than 1 point apart,
           *   on the original scale and ratings do not cross the
           *   boundary between 1.0 (no problem), and some problem
           *   (1.5 and higher) on the original scale
      9    4 = One of the first two coders says "don't know", and the
           *   other two raters would have received a reliability
           *   score of 1, 2, or 3 if they had been the only raters
      3    5 = The coders are more than 1 point apart on the original
           *   scale, but the ratings do not cross the dichotomy between
           *   1.0 and more than 1.0 on the original scale
      0    6 = One coder says "don't know" and the other two raters
           *   would have received a reliability score of 5 if they
           *   had been the only raters
     24    7 = Two coders are more than 1 point apart on the original
           *   scale and their scores are not on one side of the
           *   dichotomy mentioned in reliability score 5
     20    8 = One of the two or three raters says "don't know", and
           *   the second one (if there are only two raters) is
           *   assigned a score of 1-5; if there are three raters,
           *   the other two do not meet the reliability conditions
           *   of reliability score 4

1689.  Sex Ratio (males/females * 1000)--First two digits
1690.  Sex Ratio (males/females * 1000)--Second two digits
           *   Can use variable v714 N=90 instead (tricotomized)
           N=59: can impose these cutpoints
           *   Reliability high: Pearson R=-.595 as compared with N=59 v1689 cutpoints
               v1649:         1 &lt; 95,    2 intermediate,  3 &gt; 102.5
     v714  crosstab          Male excess     normal     Female excess
     10    1 = Female excess      0             3             5
     60    2 = Roughly equal      3             2             4
     20    3 = Male excess        7             2             0 Pvalue = 0.000000000083
		   N=121 for a combination of both variables r= -.716

1691.  Sex Ratio Unit (codes not ordered)

    126    0 = No sex ratio calculated
     30    1 = The whole society
      3    2 = The "breeding population"
      7    3 = The district, but not known whether or not the
           *   breeding unit
      9    4 = The local group or community
     11    8 = Not sure what unit



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds79.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
SCARIFICATION, PATHOGEN LOAD AND BIOME CODES

Lisa R. Ludvico. "Scarification, Pathogen Load and Biome: Cross-Cultural Codes"
Unpublished codes discussed in "Symbolic or Not-So-Symbolic Wounds: The
Behavioral Ecology of Human Scarification." by L. R. Ludvico and J. A. Kurland
in Ethology and Sociobiology 16:155-172, 1995.

    STDS79.DAT Vars. 1692-1709 Scarification, Pathogen Load and Biome

1692.  Scarification 1: Males

     41    . = no data
     50    1 = no scarification
     83    2 = tattooing and cicatrization
      5    3 = scarification includes removal of skin

1693.  Scarification 1: Females

     56    . = no data
     57    1 = no scarification
     72    2 = tattooing and cicatrization
      1    3 = scarification includes removal of skin

1694.  General Scarification: Males

     13    . = no data
     82    1 = no scarification
     11    2 = ear, nose piercing
     77    3 = tattooing and cicatrization
      3    4 = scarification includes removal of skin

1695.  General Scarification: Females

     15    . = no data
     73    1 = no scarification
     13    2 = ear, nose piercing
     81    3 = tattooing and cicatrization
      4    4 = scarification includes removal of skin

1696.  Biome

     20    1 = tundra, taiga, boreal forest
     19    2 = temperate deciduous, scrub, or temperate rain forest
     55    3 = tropical or temperate grassland
     69    4 = tropical rain forest
     23    5 = desert

1697.  Wound opportunistic typhus

     33    . = missing data or unreliable disease dates
     98    1 = absent or not recorded
      7    2 = present, no indication of severity
     48    3 = present and serious, widespread or endemic

1698.  Wound opportunistic bejel

     30    . = missing data or unreliable disease dates
    156    1 = absent or not recorded
      0    2 = present, no indication of severity
      0    3 = present and serious, widespread or endemic

1699.  Wound opportunistic pinta

     29    . = missing data or unreliable disease dates
    147    1 = absent or not recorded
      3    2 = present, no indication of severity
      7    3 = present and serious, widespread or endemic
      8

1700.  Wound opportunistic yaws

     29    . = missing data or unreliable disease dates
     99    1 = absent or not recorded
     24    2 = present, no indication of severity
     34    3 = present and serious, widespread or endemic

1701.  Wound opportunistic leprosy

     29    . = missing data or unreliable disease dates
     71    1 = absent or not recorded
     54    2 = present, no indication of severity
     32    3 = present and serious, widespread or endemic

1702.  Wound opportunistic leishmania

     29    . = missing data or unreliable disease dates
    121    1 = absent or not recorded
      2    2 = present, no indication of severity
     34    3 = present and serious, widespread or endemic

1703.  Wound opportunistic spirochetes

     30    . = missing data or unreliable disease dates
    109    1 = absent or not recorded
     21    2 = present, no indication of severity
     26    3 = present and serious, widespread or endemic

1704.  Tick vector typus

     32    . = missing data or unreliable disease dates
    103    1 = absent or not recorded
      4    2 = present, no indication of severity
     47    3 = present and serious, widespread or endemic

1705.  Tick vector spirochetes

     29    . = missing data or unreliable disease dates
    117    1 = absent or not recorded
      2    2 = present, no indication of severity
     38    3 = present and serious, widespread or endemic

1706.  Trypanosomas

     29    . = missing data or unreliable disease dates
    130    1 = absent or not recorded
      3    2 = present, no indication of severity
     24    3 = present and serious, widespread or endemic

1707.  Malaria

     29    . = missing data or unreliable disease dates
     44    1 = absent or not recorded
      2    2 = present, no indication of severity
    111    3 = present and serious, widespread or endemic

1708.  Schistosomes

     29    . = missing data or unreliable disease dates
    108    1 = absent or not recorded
      9    2 = present, no indication of severity
     40    3 = present and serious, widespread or endemic

1709.  Filariae

     30    . = missing data or unreliable disease dates
     78    1 = absent or not recorded
      1    2 = present, no indication of severity
     77    3 = present and serious, widespread or endemic


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds80.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
SLEEPING ARRANGEMENTS OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Divale, William, Noelle Abrams, Jennifer Barzola, Estelle Harris, and Fred-
Michael Henry.  1998. Sleeping Arrangements of Children and Adolescents:  SCCS
Sample Codes. World Cultures 9(2):3-12.

     STDS80.DAT Vars. 1710-1713 Sleeping Arrangements of Children

1710.  Person(s) Infants and Children Sleep with

     81    . = no data
     28    1 = mother alone
      0    2 = father alone
     29    3 = mother and father
      6    4 = grandparents
      4    5 = other siblings
      0    6 = other relatives
     26    7 = entire family
     12    8 = alone

1711.  Where Adolescents Sleep

     90    . = no data
     56    1 = entire family together
     11    2 = separate room in parent's house
      5    3 = outside of parent's house, but near, e.g., porch
     22    4 = separate dwelling
      2    5 = other relatives

1712.  Sex Segregation in Sleeping Areas of Children

     98    . = no data
     63    1 = boys &amp; girls in same room or bed
     23    2 = boys &amp; girls in separate rooms or separate beds
      2    3 = boys &amp; girls in separate houses

1713.  Sex Segregation in Sleeping Areas of Adolescents and Teens

     95    . = no data
     33    1 = boys &amp; girls in same room or bed
     31    2 = boys &amp; girls in separate rooms or separate beds
     27    3 = boys &amp; girls in separate houses



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds81.cod">notes on these codes</a><br>
CONAN Data-Base

Lang, Hartmut. 1998.  CONAN: An Electronic Code-Text Data-Base for Cross-
Cultural Studies.  World Cultures 9(2):13-56.

     STDS81.DAT Vars. 1714-1747 CONAN data base Part I

1714.  First two digits of focus date

     87    . = missing data (original code = 0)
      1   12 = 12
      1   15 = 15
      1   16 = 16
      2   17 = 17
     46   18 = 18
     48   19 = 19
1715.  Second two digits of focus date

1716.  Primary source of subsistence

     85    . = missing data
     26    1 = intensive agriculture
     37    2 = extensive agriculture
      9    3 = animal husbandry
     11    4 = fishing
      9    5 = hunting
      8    6 = gathering
      0    7 = trade
      1    8 = wage labor

1717.  Secondary source of subsistence

     86    . = missing data
      0    1 = intensive agriculture
      9    2 = extensive agriculture
     22    3 = animal husbandry
     19    4 = fishing
     25    5 = hunting
     10    6 = gathering
     13    7 = trade
      2    8 = wage labor

1718.  Sharing of food

     97    . = missing data
      7    1 = sharing of food among nuclear family
     14    2 = sharing of food among kin residing in local community
      9    3 = sharing of food among kin, not restricted to local community
      4    4 = sharing of food among non-kin within local community
     21    5 = sharing of food among all members of local community
     24    6 = sharing of food among groups within unit of maximal political authority
               or ethnic group
     10    7 = sharing of food among other than mentioned groups

1719.  Periodical variation of food scarcity

     95    . = missing data
     26    1 = food supply constant, no scarcity (original code 10)
     20    2 = periodical food scarcity (original code 20)
     10    3 = aperiodical food scarcity (e.g. as caused by natural disasters),
               no further information on frequency of
               occurrence (original code 30)
      7    4 = seldom (occurrence uncommon) (original code 31)
      6    5 = often (occurrence common) (original code 32)
      2    6 = periodical as well as aperiodical food scarcity
               (original code 40)
      1    7 = chronic food scarcity (original code 50)
     19    8 = food scarcity occurs, no further information on
               frequency (original code 60)

1720.  Causes of land shortage

    104    . = missing data
     54    1 = no land shortage
     19    2 = population pressure (caused by humans or animals)
      8    3 = territorial invasions
      1    4 = more than one of the above

1721.  Number of rich people (wealthy)

     88    . = missing data
     27    1 = absence of rich (original code 10)
     41    2 = presence of rich, no information on numbers
               (original code 20)
     27    3 = few rich (original code 21)
      3    4 = many rich (original code 22)

1722.  Sources of wealth

     91    . = missing data
     27    0 = absence of rich, variable 1717 coded 1 (original code 88)
      5    1 = presence of rich, no information on sources of wealth
               (original code 10)
      4    2 = acquired wealth of land (through buying or skill)
               (original code 11)
      8    3 = inheritance of land (original code 12)
      6    4 = acquired wealth of cattle (through buying or skill)
               (original code 13)
      1    5 = inheritance of cattle (original code 14)
      7    6 = acquired wealth (means of production other than cattle or land)
               (original code 15)
      1    7 = inherited wealth (means of production other than cattle or land)
               (original code 16)
     36    8 = more than one of the above (original code 177)

1723.  Number of poor

     98    . = missing data
     32    1 = absence of poor (original code 10)
     41    2 = presence of poor, no information on percentage
               (original code 20)
      8    3 = few poor (original code 21)
      7    4 = many poor (original code 22)

1724.  Number of dispossessed

     98    . = missing data
     57    1 = no dispossessed (original code 10)
     15    2 = presence of dispossessed, no information on percentage
               (original code 20)
     12    3 = few dispossessed (original code 21)
      4    4 = many dispossessed (original code 22)

1725.  Possibility for peaceful territorial expansion

    101    . = missing data
     42    0 = no need for expansion: variable 1716 coded as 1
               (original code 88)
     18    1 = peaceful territorial expansion impossible (original
               code 10)
     17    2 = peaceful territorial expansion possible, no information
               on quality of land (original code 20)
      7    3 = access to land of good quality (original code 21)
      1    4 = access to land of restricted quality (original code 22)

1726.  Communality of land

     88    . = missing data
     22    1 = land predominantly private property
     24    2 = land partially communally used
     52    3 = communal land use rights only

1727.  Resource acquisition as motive for violent conflict management

     96    . = missing data
      7    0 = absence of violent conflict management (original code 88)
     31    1 = resource acquisition no motive
     52    2 = resource acquisition motive for violent conflict management

1728.  Rich, poor, or dispossessed as one party in violent conflicts

    128    . = missing data
    26     0 = equal distribution of resources (original code 88)
    27     1 = rare or never
     3     2 = occasional
     1     3 = often
     1     4 = permanent

1729.  Presence of an overarching political unit (codes not ordered)

    85     . = missing data
    13     1 = local community autonomous (original code 10)
     2     2 = local community is part of a precolonial state
               (original code 20)
     6     3 = ethnic group to which the local community belongs is
               politically dominant in the precolonial state
               (original code 21)
     4     4 = ethnic group to which the local community belongs
               occupies a politically subordinate position in the
               precolonial state (original code 22)
    33     5 = local community is part of a colonial state
               (original code 30)
     3     6 = local community is part of a postcolonial state
               (original code 40)
     7     7 = ethnic group to which the local community belongs is
               politically dominant in the postcolonial state
               (original code 41)
    33     8 = ethnic group to which the local community belongs
               occupies a politically subordinate position in the
               postcolonial state (original code 42)

1730.  Administrative integration of local community within overarching political unit
      (codes not ordered)

    90     . = missing data
    14     0 = local community not part of an overarching political unit
               (variable 1725 coded as 1) (original code 88)
    28     1 = overarching political unit claims administrative hierarchy without
               actual execution (original code 10)
    18     2 = administration representative absent or only sporadically present,
               administrative functions are executed from outside
               (original code 20)
     3     3 = administration representative present (e.g. military, civilian
               administrators, school personnel)
               (original code 30)
    24     4 = same as above 4, administration representative member of the same
               ethnic group as local community (original
               code 31)
     9     5 = same as above 4, administration representative of different ethnic
               affiliation than local community
               (original code 32)

1731.  Power participation of local elite within overarching political unit (codes not ordered)

    95     . = missing data
    46     0 = local community not part of an overarching political unit (variable 1725 coded
               as 1); ethnic group occupies a dominant position within overarching political
               unit (variable 1725 coded as 3 or 7); overarching political unit does not
               execute administrative functions (variable
               1726 coded as 2) (original code 88)
      8    1 = no elite present in ethnic group of which the local community is a part

     17    2 = local elite does not participate in decisions of overarching political
               unit
     20    3 = local elite occupies leading positions within overarching political unit,
               at the local or regional level

1732.  Presence of wage labor

     97    . = missing data
     36    1 = no wage labor
     22    2 = wage labor present, migratory labor unimportant
     31    3 = wage labor, mainly in the form of migratory labor

1733.  Market exchange within local community

     90    . = missing data
     23    1 = no market exchange (original code 10)
     10    2 = market exchange within local community present, no further information
               (original code 20)
     27    3 = market exchange within local community present, involving local
               and regional products (original code 21)
     36    4 = market exchange within local community present, involving local,
               regional, and supra-regional products (original
               code 22)

1734.  Market exchange outside of local community

     87    . = missing data
     10    1 = no market exchange outside of local community
               (original code 10)
      5    2 = market exchange outside of local community (at trading posts, market
               places), no further information (original code 20)
     26    3 = market exchange outside of local community, involving local and
               regional products (original code 21)
     58    4 = market exchange outside of local community, involving local, regional,
               and supra-regional products (original code 22)

1735.  Relationship between production for subsistence and production for market exchange

     93    . = missing data
     68    1 = production for consumption more important
     25    2 = production for consumption and production for market exchange
               of equal importance

1736.  Tribute, taxation, expropriation

    108    . = missing data
     27    1 = no tribute, taxation, or expropriation (original code 10)
      3    2 = payment of tribute, taxation, or expropriation occur
               (original code 20)
      3    3 = corvee labor (original code 21)
     15    4 = money (original code 22)
      6    5 = mobile goods (original code 23)
     24    6 = more than one of the above (original code 24)

1737.  Extent of burden caused by tribute payments or taxation

    111    . = missing data
     27    0 = no tribute or taxation (original code 88)
      4    1 = sporadic taxation or request for tribute (original code 10)
      3    2 = the exactions are reported not to be burdensome
               (original code 20)
      2    3 = the exactions are reported to be burdensome (original code 21)
     19    4 = regular taxation or request for tribute (original code 30)
      7    5 = the exactions are reported not to be burdensome (original code 31)
     13    6 = the exactions are reported to be burdensome (original code 32)

1738.  Presence of formal education within local community

     96    . = missing data
     50    1 = no formal education (original code 10)
      6    2 = formal education present (original code 20)
     21    3 = small fraction of local community is formally educated
               (original code 21)
      5    4 = large part of local community is formally educated
               (original code 22)
      8    5 = members of local community have a higher education
               (original code 23)

1739.  Types of violence against overarching political institution (codes not ordered)

    105    . = missing data
     24    0 = no overarching political unit (variable 1729 coded as 1)
               (original code 88)
     27    1 = violent acts absent
     12    2 = acts of violence, in reaction against attacks by overarching political unit
     18    3 = active resistance, aiming at revolution

1740.  Levels of political hierarchy

     85    . = missing data
     17    1 = no political office (original code 10)
      1    2 = no political office at the head of local community, but segments of
               different local communities belong to supralocal non-territorially
               organized political unit (original code 20)
      1    3 = highest political office one level above smallest supralocal non-territorially
               organized political unit (original code 21)
      3    4 = highest political office two levels above smallest supralocal non-territorially
               organized political unit (original code 22)
      0    5 = highest political office three levels above smallest supralocal
               non-territorially organized political unit (original code 23)
      0    6 = highest political office four levels above smallest supralocal
               non-territorially organized political unit (original code 24)
     33    7 = highest political office at the head of local community
               (=politically autonomous local community) (original code 30)
     15    8 = highest political office one level above local community
               (original code 31)
     13    9 = highest political office two levels above local community
               (original code 32)
     10   10 = highest political office three levels above local community
               (original code 33)
      8   11 = highest political office four or more levels above local community
               (original code 34)

1741.  Overarching formal jurisdiction within unit of maximal political authority

     91    . = missing data
     31    1 = no formal jurisdiction present
      6    2 = highest level of formal jurisdiction below the unit of maximal political
               authority
     58    3 = highest level of formal jurisdiction at the level of maximal political
               authority

1742.  Selection of officials at the lowest level of political hierarchy (codes not ordered)

     90    . = missing data
     51    0 = no political office above the level of the local community (variable 1730
               coded as 1,2, or 3 (original code 88)
     25    1 = selection of officials at the lowest level of political hierarchy independent
               of higher-ranking officials
     11    2 = selection of officials at the lowest level of political hierarchy within
               local community, but it has to be reconfirmed by higher-ranking officials
      9    3 = officials at the lowest level of political hierarchy are determined by
               higher-ranking officials

1743.  Sanctions

     88    . = missing data
     17    0 = no formal political office present (variable 1740 coded
               as 1) (original code 88)
     26    1 = no or few means of coercion
     17    2 = restricted means of coercion, e.g. only for certain types of decisions
     38    3 = coercive means to enforce all decisions

1744.  Lower level participation in decision making of the unit of maximal political authority

     91    . = missing data
     17    0 = no formal political office present (variable 1740 coded as 1)
               (original code 88)
     24    1 = decision making at the highest level of political authority independent
               of lower-ranking levels, groups, or individuals
     21    2 = decisions at the highest level of political authority are made after
               consultation with representatives of lower-ranking levels, groups, or
               individuals
     33    3 = lower-ranking individuals or group representatives fully participate in
               decision making at the highest level of political authority, they are members
               of the decision making body

1745.  Religio-political overlap (codes not ordered)

     96    . = missing data
     17    0 = no formal political office present (variable 1740 coded as 1)
               (original code 88)
     18    1 = religious specialists have no influence on decision making at the level of
               maximal political authority
     19    2 = religious specialists participate in decision making at the level of
               maximal political authority
     36    3 = officials at the level of maximal political authority are at the same time
               religious specialists

1746.  Sources of legitimation of power (codes not ordered)

     86    . = missing data
     17    0 = no formal political office present (variable 1740 coded as 1)
               (original code 88)
      0    1 = supernatural powers
      0    2 = office holder has been installed by gods
      8    3 = office holder belongs to privileged descent group
      7    4 = office holder elected by the represented group
      3    5 = office holder elected by subordinate authorities
      0    6 = office holder is formal owner of the group's land
      0    7 = wealth based on possession of mobile property
      6    8 = office inherited
      3    9 = seniority
      1   10 = office holder installed by overarching administration, e.g. colonial power
      1   11 = other sources of legitimation
     54   12 = multiple sources of legitimation; more than one of the above
               (original code 77)

1747.  Frequency of external warfare: unit of maximal political authority

     95    . = missing data
     17    0 = no formal political office present (variable 1740 coded as 1)
               (original code 88)
     13    1 = rare or never
     15    2 = occasional
     27    3 = often
     19    4 = permanent

CONAN data base Part II

    STDS82.DAT Vars. 1748-1780

1748.  Frequency of internal warfare; i.e. between local communities within unit of maximal
       political authority

     96    . = missing data
     51    0 = no political office above the level of the local community
              (variable 1740 coded as 1, 2, or 7) (original code 88)
     15    1 = rare or never
     11    2 = occasional
     11    3 = often
      2    4 = permanent

1749.  Frequency of internal warfare involving non-territorially
       organized groups within unit of maximal political authority

     96    . = missing data
     51    0 = no political office above the level of the local community
               (variable 1740 coded as 1, 2, or 7) (original code 88)
     20    1 = rare or never
      9    2 = occasional
      7    3 = often
      3    4 = permanent

1750.  Frequency of violent conflict between groups within local communities

    114    . = missing data
     51    1 = rare or never
     12    2 = occasional
      7    3 = often
      2    4 = permanent

1751.  Social stratification

     90    . = missing data
     17    1 = no differences in access to economic resources, political power, and/or status
     45    2 = differences in access to economic resources, political power, and/or status,
               not resulting in class formation
     17    3 = two classes
     17    4 = complex stratification into more than two classes

1752.  Groom's dependency on relatives for marriage transactions

     90    . = missing data
     10    1 = no marriage transactions
      5    2 = marriage transactions, but not by the groom or his kin
     26    3 = groom is able to procure the necessary goods for marriage transactions or else
               can provide alternatives as e.g., bride service
     27    4 = groom depends on the help of father or another single relative of the father
               for marriage transaction
     15    5 = groom depends on the help of father or a relative of the father and additional
               paternal relatives
     13    6 = groom depends on help of non-paternal or not exclusively paternal relatives
               to provide for marriage transaction

1753.  Depth of Unilineal descent (codes not ordered)

     90    . = missing data
     22    1 = patrilineal descent, no information on genealogical depth (original code 1000)
      2    2 = patrilineal descent, genealogical depth = 002 (original code 1002)
      4    3 = patrilineal descent, genealogical depth = 003 (original code 1003)
      6    4 = patrilineal descent, genealogical depth = 004 (original code 1004)
      4    5 = patrilineal descent, genealogical depth = 005 (original code 1005)
      1    6 = patrilineal descent, genealogical depth = 006 (original code 1006)
      1    7 = patrilineal descent, genealogical depth = 008 (original code 1008)
      2    8 = patrilineal descent, genealogical depth = 009 (original code 1009)
      1    9 = patrilineal descent, genealogical depth = 011 (original code 1011)
      1   10 = patrilineal descent, genealogical depth = 015 (original code 1015)
      1   11 = patrilineal descent, genealogical depth = 030 (original code 1030)
     14   12 = matrilineal descent, no information on genealogical depth (original code 2000)
      1   13 = matrilineal descent, genealogical depth = 002 (original code 2002)
      1   14 = matrilineal descent, genealogical depth = 003 (original code 2003)
      1   15 = matrilineal descent, genealogical depth = 004 (original code 2004)
      2   16 = matrilineal descent, genealogical depth = 006 (original code 2006)
      1   17 = matrilineal descent, genealogical depth = 007 (original code 2007)
      1   18 = matrilineal descent, genealogical depth = 009 (original code 2009)
      1   19 = matrilineal descent, genealogical depth = 011 (original code 2011)
      1   20 = double descent, genealogical depth = 002 (original code 3002)
      2   21 = double descent, genealogical depth = 003 (original code 3003)
      1   22 = double descent, genealogical depth = 004 (original code 3004)
      1   23 = double descent, genealogical depth = 005 (original code 3005)
     24   24 = no unilineal descent (original code 4000)

1754.  Size of maximal effective kin group

     93    . = missing data
     34    1 = absent
     59    2 = present

1755.  Local distribution of maximal effective kin group (codes not ordered)

     93    . = missing data
     34    0 = does not apply, variable 1754 coded as 1 (original code 88)
     18    1 = maximal effective kin group forms part of local community
     12    2 = maximal effective kin group congruent with local community, no subgroups
               discernible
      3    3 = maximal effective kin group congruent with local community, with spatially
               segregated subgroups (e.g. wards)
      7    4 = maximal effective kin group covers a bounded territory including a number of
               local communities, which form segments of the maximal effective kin group
      2    5 = maximal effective kin group is dispersed among several local communities,
               located in the same territory as local communities inhabited by other effective
               kin groups
     17    6 = segments of maximal effective kin groups coreside with segments of other
               maximal effective kin groups in several local communities

1756.  Size of local community

    108    .  = missing data
     17    1  = between 10 and 50
     18    2  = between 51 and 100
      6    3  = between 101 and 150
     12    4  = between 151 and 200
      5    5  = between 201 and 250
      3    6  = between 251 and 300
      6    7  = between 301 and 500
      4    8  = between 501 and 1000
      7    9  = greater than 1001

1757.  Frequency of violent conflict involving at least one maximal effective kin group
       (codes not ordered)

    101    . = missing data
     34    0 = does not apply, variable 1754 coded as 1 (original code 88)
     12    1 = rare or never
     16    2 = occasional
     18    3 = often
      5    4 = permanent

1758.  Frequency of violent conflict involving at least one local community

     97    . = missing data
     25    1 = rare or never
     21    2 = occasional
     30    3 = often
     13    4 = permanent

1759.  Affection during early childhood

    115    . = missing data
      1    1 = children often experience emotional rejection; no further information about
               loving affection (original code 10)
      6    2 = children receive noticeably more emotional rejection than loving affection
               (original code 11)
      8    3 = children receive emotional rejection and loving affection to the same degree
               (original code 20)
     45    4 = children often experience loving affection; no further information about
               emotional rejection (original code 30)
     11    5 = children receive noticeably more loving affection than emotional rejection
               (original code 31)

1760.  Frequency of interactions between boys (early childhood) and male adults

    107    . = missing data
     12    1 = boys have almost no contact with adult males
     24    2 = even though boys have contact with adult males, they have more contact with
               adult females
     26    3 = contact with male and female adults is about the same
     17    4 = boys have noticeably more contact with male than female adults

1761.  Inculcation of children's trust in other persons

    161    . = missing data
      8    1 = inculcation of mistrust and fear in children; the socializing agents scare the
               children by pretending to harm them, or by instilling of fear by reference to
               potentially harmful persons, groups, or supernatural beings.
     10    2 = Children's mistrust is restricted to a certain group of persons. Instilling of
               fear by certain persons or warning of  potential threat occurs rarely.
      7    3 = inculcation of trust in children; the socializing agents never scare children
               or warn them of distant persons or groups.

1762.  Positive reinforcement of children's willingness to share, give, and help (generosity)

    155    . = missing data
      3    1 = generosity is rarely fostered; the children rarely exhibit willingness to
               share, give, or help. This behavior rarely causes punishment.
     10    2 = generosity is moderately fostered; the children show willingness to share,
               give, or help. A lack of this behavior causes punishment or admonishment.
     18    3 = generosity is strongly fostered; other adults and children frequently request
               the children to share, give, and help.

1763.  Emphasis on honesty

    139    . = missing data
      2    1 = honesty is not furthered. (Dishonesty is generally accepted.)
      2    2 = honesty is rarely furthered. (Dishonest behavior is only accepted towards a
               specific group of persons.)
      9    3 = honesty is furthered
     34    4 = honesty is explicitly furthered. (Dishonest behavior of children is the cause
               for punishment and reprimands.)

1764.  Reaction of socializing agents towards violent behavior of boys in late childhood

    133    . = missing data
     14    1 = violence of children is generally objected (original code 10)
      4    2 = violence of children is tolerated (socializing agents only interfere when there
               is danger of serious injuries); no data on restriction of violence to specific
               group of persons(original code 20)
     13    3 = violence of children is tolerated only towards specific group of persons
               (original code 21)
      3    4 = violence of children is tolerated regardless of group of persons (original code
               22)
     16    5 = violence of children is explicitly encouraged; no data on restriction to
               specific group of persons (original code 30)
      2    6 = violence of children is explicitly encouraged only towards specific group of
               persons (original code 31)
      1    7 = violence of children is explicitly encouraged regardless of group of persons
               (original code 32)

1765.  Emphasis on courage of boys in late childhood

    147    . = missing data
      5    1 = courage is not emphasized; children are protected from harm which may be caused
               by scary situations, cold, and physical injuries
     11    2 = courage is mildly emphasized; children are not protected from potentially
               dangerous situations; the expression of fear and pain is tolerated
     23    3 = courage is strongly emphasized; children are expected to tolerate pain and
               overcome fear in dangerous situations; the expression of fear and pain is not
               tolerated

1766.  Corporal punishment of boys in late childhood

    107    . = missing data
     32    1 = children are not punished physically, corporal punishment as a means of
               education is rejected (original code 10)
     10    2 = children are punished physically; no information on frequency of occurrence
               (original code 20)
     27    3 = children are rarely punished physically for only certain types of misbehavior
               (original code 21)
     10    4 = children are often punished physically for almost any type of misbehavior
               (original code 22)

1767.  Ideology of male superiority

    104    . = missing data
     47    1 = no ideology of male superiority
      8    2 = weakly articulated ideology of male superiority
     27    3 = strongly articulated ideology of male superiority (it is the basic determinant
               of gender relations)

1768.  Attitude towards physical violence against members of local
       community

    118    . = missing data
     51    1 = physical violence within local community is rejected
     13    2 = physical violence within local community is tolerated or accepted
      4    3 = physical violence within local community is appreciated

1769.  Attitude towards physical violence against members of same ethnic group, not restricted
       to local community

    124    . = missing data
     31    1 = physical violence within ethnic group is rejected
     21    2 = physical violence within ethnic group is tolerated or accepted
     10    3 = physical violence within ethnic group is appreciated

1770.  Attitude towards physical violence against members of other ethnic groups

    145    . = missing data
      1    0 = no contact with other ethnic groups (original code 88)
      5    1 = physical violence outside of ethnic group is rejected (original code 10)
      3    2 = physical violence outside of ethnic group is rejected because of military
               inferiority or cowardice (original code 11)
      5    3 = physical violence is tolerated or accepted - specification of the enemies is
               absent (original code 20)
      1    4 = physical violence is tolerated or accepted - but not against the majority of
               other ethnic groups (original code 21)
      5    5 = physical violence is tolerated or accepted against the majority of other ethnic
               groups (original code 22)
     14    6 = physical violence is appreciated - no further specification against whom
               (original code 30)
      3    7 = physical violence is appreciated - but not against the majority of other ethnic
               groups (original code 31)
      4    8 = physical violence is appreciated against the majority of other ethnic groups
               (original code 32)

1771.  Loyalty within ethnic group

    100    . = missing data
     41    1 = low
     18    2 = middle
     27    3 = high

1772.  Hostility towards other ethnic groups

    113    . = missing data
      1    0 = no contact with other ethnic groups (original code 88)
      8    1 = no or negligible hostility (original code 10)
      6    2 = weak degree of hostility (original code 20)
     14    3 = moderate degree of hostility (original code 30)
      9    4 = moderate degree of hostility, only directed against some other ethnic groups
               (original code 31)
      8    5 = moderate degree of hostility; directed against almost all other ethnic groups
               (original code 32)
      2    6 = high degree of hostility (original code 40)
      9    7 = high degree of hostility; only directed against some other ethnic groups
               (original code 41)
     16    8 = high degree of hostility; directed against almost all other ethnic groups
               (original code 42)

1773.  Prestige of warriors

    111    . = missing data
     12    0 = no warriors (original code 88)
      9    1 = low prestige, warriors receive no special recognition (original code  10)
     13    2 = middle to high prestige; warriors have a good reputation, no data on other
               sources of reputation (original code 20)
     12    3 = medium prestige of warriors, other sources of reputation are valued higher
               (original code 21)
     15    4 = high prestige of warriors, other equally valued sources of reputation exist
               (original code 22)
     14    5 = very high prestige, to gain prestige as a warrior is of special importance for
               every man (original code 24)

1774.  Revenge related norms

    106    . = missing data
     15    1 = revenge taking is forbidden (original code 10)
     17    2 = taking of revenge is neither forbidden nor prescribed (original code 20)
     18    3 = taking of revenge is prescribed but compensation by payment equally valued
               (original code 21)
     16    4 = taking of revenge is prescribed (original code 30)
     14    5 = taking of revenge is prescribed, retaliation is allowed only against the
               culprit (original code 31)

1775.  Reglementation of intraethnic violence

    120    . = missing data
     23    0 = no intraethnic violence (variable 1776 coded as 1) (original code 88)
     10    1 = no reglementation
     25    2 = moderate reglementation
      8    3 = highly reglemented or ritualized

1776.  Frequency of intraethnic violence

     93    . = missing data
     23    1 = rare or never
     28    2 = occasional
     29    3 = often
     13    4 = permanent

1777.  Intensity of intraethnic violence

    116    . = missing data
     22    0 = no intraethnic violence (variable 1776 coded as 1) (original code 88)
     30    1 = low; when violence occurs, only occasional victims
     12    2 = moderate; when violence occurs many victims, ca. one half of one of the parties
               in conflict is killed
      6    3 = high; one of the parties in conflict is nearly extinguished

1778.  Frequency of interethnic violence/attacking

     97    . = missing data
      4    0 = no contact with other ethnic groups (original code 88)
     26    1 = rare or never
     20    2 = occasional
     24    3 = often
     15    4 = permanent

1779.  Weapons used in warfare

    106    . = missing data
     18    1 = projectiles
      4    2 = shock weapons
     58    3 = both

1780.  Defensive (protective) weapons used in warfare

    126    . = missing data
     21    1 = no protective weapons
      6    2 = body armor
     26    3 = shields
      7    4 = both

    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds83.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
    GOSSIP

    Divale, William and Albert Seda.  1999.  Codes on Gossip for Societies in the
    Standard Sample.  World Cultures 10(1):7-22.
    STDS83.DAT Vars. 1781-1805 Codes on Gossip

1781.  Gossip on adultery

     51    . = no data
     96    0 = absent
     13    1 = present for males only
     24    2 = present for both sexes
      2    3 = present for females only

1782.  Gossip on boasting

     51    . = no data
    102    0 = absent
     25    1 = present for males only
      7    2 = present for both sexes
      1    3 = present for females only

1783.  Gossip on bride price

     51    . = no data
    115    0 = absent
      9    1 = present for males only
     11    2 = present for both sexes
      0    3 = present for females only

1784.  Gossip on cattle/livestock

     51    . = no data
    116    0 = absent
     11    1 = present for males only
      8    2 = present for both sexes
      0    3 = present for females only

1785.  Gossip on dowry payments

     51    . = no data
    131    0 = absent
      2    1 = present for males only
      0    2 = present for both sexes
      2    3 = present for females only

1786.  Gossip on drinking

     51    . = no data
    107    0 = absent
     17    1 = present for males only
      8    2 = present for both sexes
      3    3 = present for females only

1787.  Gossip on family

     51    . = no data
     49    0 = absent
     25    1 = present for males only
     53    2 = present for both sexes
      8    3 = present for females only


1788.  Gossip on farming

     51    . = no data
    113    0 = absent
     11    1 = present for males only
     11    2 = present for both sexes
      0    3 = present for females only

1789.  Gossip on government/colonial affairs

     51    . = no data
     85    0 = absent
     27    1 = present for males only
     21    2 = present for both sexes
      2    3 = present for females only

1790.  Gossip on hunting

     51    . = no data
    100    0 = absent
     29    1 = present for males only
      5    2 = present for both sexes
      1    3 = present for females only

1791.  Gossip on inheritance

     51    . = no data
    122    0 = absent
      7    1 = present for males only
      6    2 = present for both sexes
      0    3 = present for females only

1792.  Gossip on laziness

     51    . = no data
    106    0 = absent
     12    1 = present for males only
     13    2 = present for both sexes
      4    3 = present for females only

1793.  Gossip on men

     51    . = no data
     50    0 = absent
     48    1 = present for males only
     27    2 = present for both sexes
     10    3 = present for females only

1794.  Gossip on murder/assault

     51    . = no data
     87    0 = absent
     27    1 = present for males only
     20    2 = present for both sexes
      1    3 = present for females only

1795.  Gossip on neighbors

     51    . = no data
     86    0 = absent
     12    1 = present for males only
     35    2 = present for both sexes
      2    3 = present for females only

1796.  Gossip on politics

     51    . = no data
     84    0 = absent
     26    1 = present for males only
     25    2 = present for both sexes
      0    3 = present for females only

1797.  Gossip on scandal

     51    . = no data
     73    0 = absent
     18    1 = present for males only
     41    2 = present for both sexes
      3    3 = present for females only

1798.  Gossip on sex/sexual joking

     51    . = no data
     83    0 = absent
     17    1 = present for males only
     28    2 = present for both sexes
      7    3 = present for females only

1799.  Gossip on social control

     51    . = no data
     23    0 = absent
     45    1 = present for males only
     59    2 = present for both sexes
      8    3 = present for females only

1800.  Gossip on socializing/news

     51    . = no data
     40    0 = absent
     26    1 = present for males only
     59    2 = present for both sexes
     10    3 = present for females only

1801.  Gossip on wife beating

     51    . = no data
    117    0 = absent
      6    1 = present for males only
     10    2 = present for both sexes
      2    3 = present for females only

1802.  Gossip on women

     51    . = no data
     61    0 = absent
     18    1 = present for males only
     31    2 = present for both sexes
     25    3 = present for females only

1803.  Gossip on marriage

     51    . = no data
    126    0 = absent
      2    1 = present for males only
      5    2 = present for both sexes
      2    3 = present for females only


1804.  Gossip on religion

     51    . = no data
    131    0 = absent
      2    1 = present for males only
      2    2 = present for both sexes
      0    3 = present for females only

1805.  Importance of Gossip

     51    . = no data
      6    0 = absent
      9    1 = scale step 1: not important
     17    2 = scale step 2
     40    3 = scale step 3
     46    4 = scale step 4
     17    5 = scale step 5: very important




    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds83.%20cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
    GOSSIP FACTOR SCALES

    Gossip Factor Scales (See Divale and Seda paper with Gossip Codes for
    rational).  Factor analysis of Gossip variables produced eight factors with
    gossip variables that had loadings of .50 or higher.  Scales were then produced
    by summing those variables with loadings of .5 or higher on the factor.  Thus
    FACT_1 is a News &amp; General Gossip Scale, which is the sum of the following
    gossip topics:  Gossip about Men, Neighbors, Socializing and News, and Women).

    FACT_1    News &amp; General Gossip Scale (Sum of Men, Neighbors, Socializing &amp;
    News, and Women Gossip)

    Value Label           Value  Frequency

    Absent                0        20
    1 Item Present        1        21
    2 Items Present       2        31
    3 Items Present       3        32
    4 Items Present       4        31
      Missing             .        51

    FACT_2    Political Gossip Scale (Sum of Family, Govt., Political Gossip)

    Value Label           Value  Frequency

    Absent                0        37
    1 Item Present        1        39
    2 Items Present       2        29
    3 Items Present       3        30
      Missing             .        51

    FACT_3    Machismo Gossip Scale (Sum of Boasting, Hunting, Laziness, Wife
    Beating Gossip)

    Value Label           Value  Frequency

    Absent                0        67
    1 Item Present        1        38
    2 Items Present       2        17
    3 Items Present       3         9
    4 Items Present       4         4
      Missing             .        51

    FACT_4    Sex &amp; Scandals Scale (Sum of Adultery and Scandal Gossip)

    Value Label           Value  Frequency

    Absent                0        64
    1 Item Present        1        41
    2 Items Present       2        30
      Missing             .        51

     FACT_5    Drinking &amp; Murder Scale (Sum of Drinking, Murder and Assault Gossip)

    Value Label          Value  Frequency

    Absent               0        77
    1 Item Present       1        40
    2 Items Present      2        18
      Missing            .        51

    FACT_6    Marriage Payments Gossip Scale (Sum of Bride Price and Dowry Gossip)

    Value Label          Value  Frequency

    Absent               0       114
    1 Item Present       1        18
    2 Items Present      2         3
      Missing            .        51

    FACT_7    Farming &amp; Religion Gossip Scale (Sum of Farming and Religious Gossip)

    Value Label          Value  Frequency

    Absent               0       111
    1 Item Present       1        22
    2 Items Present      2         2
      Missing            .        51

    FACT_8    Cattle &amp; Marriage Gossip Scale (Sum of Cattle and Marriage Gossip)

    Value Label          Value  Frequency

    Absent               0       110
    1 Item Present       1        22
    2 Items Present      2         3
      Missing            .        51


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds84.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
    MODERNIZATION

    Divale, William and Albert Seda.  2000.  Cross-Cultural Codes of Modernization
    World Cultures 11(2):153-170.
     STDS84.DAT Vars. 1806-1849 Codes on Modernization

1806.  Trade: 1.1.  Changes in Trade and Trade Goods

     51    . = no data
     27    0 = no changes
     87    1 = changes present
     21    2 = 2 additional items present

1807.  Trade: 1.2.  Introduction of Wage Labor and Immigrant Workers

     51    . = no data
     67    0 = no changes
     67    1 = changes present
      1    2 = 2 additional items present

1808.  Trade: 1.3.  Introduction of Monetary System such as Money

     51    . = no data
     59    0 = no changes
     76    1 = changes present

1809.  Technology: 2.1.  Introduction of Foreign Goods such as Weapons

     51    . = no data
     66    0 = no changes
     69    1 = changes present

1810.  Technology: 2.2.  Minor Technological Developments

     51    . = no data
     47    0 = no changes
     72    1 = changes present
     11    2 = 2 additional items present
      5    3 = 3 additional items present

1811.  Technology: 2.3.  Major Technological Changes

     51    . = no data
     96    0 = no changes
     35    1 = changes present
      4    2 = 2 additional items present

1812.  Agriculture: 3.1.  Agricultural Improvements, Improvement in
       Farming Mehods, Fertilization, Irrigation, Food Preservation

     51    . = no data
     59    0 = no changes
     76    1 = changes present

1813.  Agriculture: 3.2  Changes in Agriculture and Crops

     51    . = no data
     74    0 = no changes
     56    1 = changes present
      5    2 = 2 additional items present

1814.  Agriculture: 3.3.  Introduction of New Livestock

     51    . = no data
     85    0 = no changes
     50    1 = changes present

1815.  Transportation: 4.1.  Mechanical Transport (Automobiles,
       Railroads, Buses)

     51    . = no data
     99    0 = no changes
     36    1 = changes present

1816.  Transportation: 4.2.  Changes and Introduction of Water
       Transport

     51    . = no data
    109    0 = no changes
     26    1 = changes present

1817.  Transportation: 4.3.  Introduction of Roads and Highways

     51    . = no data
    112    0 = no changes
     22    1 = changes present

1818.  Government, Political and Legal system: 5.1  New Positions such
       as Government Officials

     51    . = no data
     22    0 = no changes
    113    1 = changes present

1819.  Government, Political and Legal system: 5.2  Changes or
       Implementation of Foreign Judicial System

     51    . = no data
     43    0 = no changes
     92    1 = changes present

1820.  Government, Political and Legal system: 5.3  Political Changes,
       Uprising, Cargo Cults

     51    . = no data
     94    0 = no changes
     35    1 = changes present
      6    2 = 2 additional items present

1821.  Government, Political and Legal system: 5.4  Large scale projects
       Introduced by outside agencies

     52    . = no data
     86    0 = no changes
     48    1 = changes present

1822.  Family/social Organization: 6.1  Changes in Family Structure

     51    . = no data
     58    0 = no changes
     67    1 = changes present
      0    2 = 2 additional items present
     10    3 = 3 additional items present

1823.  Family/social Organization: 6.2  Changes in marriage rituals,
       weddings

     51    . = no data
     60    0 = no changes
     69    1 = changes present
      6    2 = 2 additional items present

1824.  Family/social Organization: 6.3  Changes in choice of spouse,
       mixed-marriages, etc.

     51    . = no data
     78    0 = no changes
     57    1 = changes present

1825.  Family/social Organization: 6.4  Changes in female role or status

     51    . = no data
     73    0 = no changes
     62    1 = changes present

1826.  Body toilet, Adornment and Dress: 7.1  Changes in Body Toilets
       such as Piercing, Jewelry

     51    . = no data
     71    0 = no changes
     63    1 = changes present
      1    2 = 2 additional items present

1827.  Body toilet, Adornment and Dress: 7.2  Changes in Dress Customs

     51    . = no data
     25    0 = no changes
    110    1 = changes present

1828.  Behavior: 8.1  Introduction of Drugs such as Tobacco, Alcohol

     51    . = no data
     72    0 = no changes
     55    1 = changes present
      8    2 = 2 additional items present

1829.  Behavior: 8.2  Changes in Food Processing such as Cooking Methods

     51    . = no data
     51    0 = no changes
     84    1 = changes present

1830.  Information and Education: 9.1.  Changes in Communication and
       the Arts

     51    . = no data
     57    0 = no changes
     70    1 = changes present
      8    2 = 2 additional items present

1831.  Information and Education: 9.2  Changes in Education

     51    . = no data
     48    0 = no changes
     82    1 = changes present
      5    2 = 2 additional items present

1832.  Information and Education: 9.3  Introduction of Contact Languages,
       Foreign Words, Vocabulary Distortion, Pidgin Languages

     51    . = no data
     50    0 = no changes
     75    1 = changes present
     10    2 = 2 additional items present

1833.  Health: 10.1  Introduction of Foreign Medical Practices, Hospitals

     51    . = no data
     68    0 = no changes
     61    1 = changes present
      6    2 = 2 additional items present

1834.  Health: 10.2  Introduction of Foreign Diseases

     51    . = no data
     84    0 = no changes
     51    1 = changes present

1835.  Health: 10.3  Changes in Sanitation Methods

     51    . = no data
    104    0 = no changes
     31    1 = changes present

1836.  Religion: 11.1  Changes in Native Religion

     51    . = no data
     53    0 = no changes
     82    1 = changes present

1837.  Religion: 11.2  Introduction of Foreign Religion

     51    . = no data
     14    0 = no changes
    121    1 = changes present

1838.  Religion: 11.3  Changes in Burial Practices or Other Rituals

     51    . = no data
     51    0 = no changes
     67    1 = changes present
     17    2 = 2 additional items present

1839.  Sum of Agricultural Changes

     51    . = no data
     31    0 = no changes
     40    1 = 1 item
     42    2 = 2 items
     20    3 = 3 items
      2    4 = 4 items

1840.  Sum of Behavior Changes

     51    . = no data
     34    0 = no changes
     54    1 = 1 item
     40    2 = 2 items
      7    3 = 3 items

1841.  Sum of Educational Changes

     51    . = no data
     12    0 = no changes
     29    1 = 1 item
     52    2 = 2 items
     32    3 = 3 items
      7    4 = 4 items
      2    5 = 5 items
      1    6 = 6 items


1842.  Sum of Family Changes

     51    . = no data
     19    0 = no changes
     31    1 = 1 item
     26    2 = 2 items
     34    3 = 3 items
     17    4 = 4 items
      4    5 = 5 items
      4    6 = 6 items

1843.  Sum of Governmental Changes

     51    . = no data
     13    0 = no changes
     23    1 = 1 item
     41    2 = 2 items
     39    3 = 3 items
     17    4 = 4 items
      2    5 = 5 items

1844.  Sum of Religious Changes

     51    . = no data
      7    0 = no changes
     27    1 = 1 item
     41    2 = 2 items
     45    3 = 3 items
     15    4 = 4 items

1845.  Sum of Technological Changes

     51    . = no data
     22    0 = no changes
     43    1 = 1 item
     42    2 = 2 items
     21    3 = 3 items
      5    4 = 4 items
      1    5 = 5 items
      1    6 = 6 items

1846.  Sum of Toilet Changes

     51    . = no data
     15    0 = no changes
     66    1 = 1 item
     53    2 = 2 items
      1    3 = 3 items

1847.  Sum of Trade Changes

     51    . = no data
     10    0 = no changes
     33    1 = 1 item
     45    2 = 2 items
     37    3 = 3 items
     10    4 = 4 items

1848.  Sum of Transportation Changes

     51    . = no data
     69    0 = no changes
     51    1 = 1 item
     12    2 = 2 items
      3    3 = 3 items

1849.  Sum of All Changes

     51    . = no data
      1    5 = 5 items
      3    6 = 6 items
      0    7 = 7 items
      4    8 = 8 items
      2    9 = 9 items
      1   10 = 10 items
      3   11 = 11 items
     10   12 = 12 items
      7   13 = 13 items
      7   14 = 14 items
     10   15 = 15 items
      7   16 = 16 items
      5   17 = 17 items
     11   18 = 18 items
      9   19 = 19 items
      8   20 = 20 items
      7   21 = 21 items
     11   22 = 22 items
      9   23 = 23 items
      8   24 = 24 items
      2   25 = 25 items
      2   26 = 26 items
      3   27 = 27 items
      1   28 = 28 items
      0   29 = 29 items
      1   30 = 30 items
      1   31 = 31 items
      0   32 = 32 items
      0   33 = 33 items
      1   34 = 34 items
      1   35 = 35 items


    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds85.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
CROSS-CULTURAL CODES FOR SECONDARY DISPOSAL OF DEAD

    Sissel Schroeder.  2001.  Cross-Cultural Codes for Secondary
    Disposal of the dead. WORLD CULTURES 12(1).

       ST85.DAT Vars. 1850-1857 Codes on Secondary Disposal

1850.  Secondary bone/body treatment: Original Scale
     24    . = no data.

    101    1 = secondary contact with the body or bones of the
           *   deceased does not occur.
      0    2 = secondary contact with the body or bones of the
           *   deceased is accorded only to individuals who are
           *   not members of the society.
      5	   3 = secondary contact with the body or bones of the
           *   deceased is accorded only to individuals who are
           *   members of the society, but are not resident with
           *   their group of orientation at the time of death
           *   (e.g., an adult member has married and resides with
           *   his/her spouse at some distance from the group of
           *   orientation; or death occurs while the individual
           *   is on a trip away from the group of orientation).
           *   The body must be returned to the group of orientation
           *   for proper burial. Incidental to the returning process,
           *   the body decomposes and secondary disposal results.
      3    4 = secondary contact with the body or bones is practiced,
           *   with circumstances of death (e.g., struck by lightening,
           *   time of year) being the only determinant of whether or
           *   not it is accorded to an individual.
     13    5 = secondary contact with the body or bones is the preferred
           *   means of disposal for a proportion of the population,
           *   with status, age-grade, kin, or sodality associations
           *   determining if it is accorded to an individual.
     38    6 = secondary contact with the body or bones is the preferred
           *   means of disposal for all or nearly all adult members of
           *   the society.
      2    7 = other form of secondary disposal.


1851.  Disarticulation: Original Scale

     24    . = no data.
     92    1 = disarticulation does not occur or is not
           *   recoverable archaeologically.
      0    2 = disarticulation of human osseous remains
           *   occurs prior to final disposal, but only in the case
           *   of individuals who are not members of the society.
      6	   3 = disarticulation of human osseous remains occurs prior
           *   to final disposal in the case of individuals who are
           *   members of the society, but are not resident with their
           *   group of orientation at the time of death. The body
           *   must be returned to the group of orientation for proper
           *   burial. Incidental to the returning process, the body
           *   decomposes and the result is a mass of disarticulated
           *   bones, which must be disposed of.
      1    4 = disarticulation of human osseous remains occurs prior
           *   to final disposal only in situations where circumstances
           *   of death dictate that the body be curated until a time
           *   that is propitious for final disposal.
     17    5 = disarticulation of human osseous remains occurs prior
           *   to final disposal in a proportion of instances, with
           *   status, age-grade, kin, or sodality associations being
           *   the determining factor.
     33    6 = disarticulation of human osseous remains occurs prior
           *   to final disposal in all or nearly all instances of
           *   adult deaths.
     13    7 = disarticulation results from scavenger activity.

1852.  Secondary bone/body treatment: Scale Two

     24    . = no data
    101    1 = absent
     23    2 = present in a minority of cases
     38	   3 = present in nearly all/all cases

1853.  Disarticulation: Scale Two

     24    . = no data
     92    1 = absent
     37    2 = present in a minority of cases
     33	   3 = present in nearly all/all cases

1854.  Secondary bone/body treatment: Scale Three

     24    . = no data
    101    1 = absent
     61    2 = present

1855.  Disarticulation: Scale Three

     24    . = no data
     92    1 = absent
     70    2 = present

1856.  Secondary bone/body treatment: Scale Four

     24    . = no data
    124    1 = absent or in minority of cases only
     38    2 = present in nearly all/all cases

1857.  Disarticulation: Scale Four

     24    . = no data
    129    1 = absent or in minority of cases only
     33    2 = present in nearly all/all cases



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds86.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
LANGUAGE AND REGION CODES

    Michael L. Burton.  1999.  Language and Region Codes for the
    Standard Cross-Cultural Sample. CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH 33:63-83.

       ST86.DAT Vars. 1858-1861 Region and Language Codes

1858.  Region

     37    1 = Subsaharan Africa
     32    2 = Middle Old World
     25	   3 = Southeast Asia and Insular Pacific
     14    4 = Sahul
     15    5 = North Eurasia and Circumpolar
      6    6 = Northwest Coast of North America
     13    7 = North and West of North America
     28    8 = Eastern Americas
     13    9 = Mesoamerica and Andes
      3   10 = Far South America

1859.  Language Family

      3    1 = Khoisan
     23    2 = Niger-Congo
      7	   3 = Nilo-Saharan
     13    4 = Afro-Asiatic
     12    5 = Indo-European
      2    6 = Dravidian
      1    7 = Caucasian
      6    8 = Sino-Tibetan
      6    9 = Austroasiatic
      1   10 = Daic
     25   11 = Austronesian
      1   12 = Andaman
      4   13 = Trans New Guinea
      1   14 = West Papuan
      1   15 = Sepik-Ramu
      1   16 = East Papuan
      2   17 = Australian
      3   20 = Uralic-Yukaghir
      4   21 = Altaic
      1   22 = Ckukchi-Kamchatkan
      2   30 = Eskimo-Aleut
      6   31 = Na-Dene
      5   32 = Algic
      2   33 = Salish
      2   34 = Siouan
      1   35 = Iroquian
      1   36 = Caddoan
      2   37 = Hokan
      2   38 = California and Plateau Penutian
      2   39 = Natchez-Muskogean
      5   40 = Uto-Aztecan
      2   41 = Macro-Mayan
      3   42 = Chibcha-Misumalpan
      3   43 = Macro-Arawakan
      2   44 = Macro-Paezan
      2   45 = Macro-Panoan
      5   46 = Tupi-Carib
      1   47 = Tucanoan
      1   48 = Jivaroan
      2   49 = Quechumaran
      1   50 = Nambiquaran
      4   51 = Macro Ge
      1   52 = Mascoian
      1   53 = Guaykuruan
      1   54 = Araucanian
      1   55 = Tehuelche
      9   99 = Isolate


1860.  Language Subfamily 1

     42    0 = Isolate or no subfamily 1
      2    1 = Khoisan:  Southern Khoisan
      1    2 = Khoisan:  Hadza
     18    3 = Niger Congo: Central
      2    4 = Niger Congo: Mande
      2    5 = Niger Congo: West Atlantic
      1    6 = Niger Congo: Kordofanian
      1    7 = Nilo-Saharan: Songhai
      3    8 = Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic
      1    9 = Nilo-Saharan: Fur
      1   10 = Nilo-Saharan: Saharan
      1   11 = Nilo-Saharan: Komuz
      2   12 = Afro-Asiatic: Berber
      2   13 = Afro-Asiatic: Chadic
      1   14 = Afro-Asiatic: Omotic
      3   15 = Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic
      5   16 = Afro-Asiatic: Semitic
      1   20 = Indo-European: Armenian
      5   21 = Indo-European: Indo-Iranian
      1   22 = Indo-European: Albanian
      1   23 = Indo-European: Italic
      1   24 = Indo-European: Celtic
      1   25 = Indo-European: Balto-Slavic
      2   26 = Indo-European: African-IE Creole
      1   28 = Dravidian: Central Dravidian
      1   29 = Dravidian: South Dravidian
      1   30 = Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic
      5   31 = Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman
      1   32 = Austroasiatic: Munda
      5   33 = Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer
      1   34 = Austronesian: Atalyic
     24   35 = Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian
      2   36 = Trans New Guinea: Main
      1   37 = Trans New Guinea: Trans-Fly
      1   38 = Trans New Guinea: Timor-Alor
      1   40 = Uralic-Yukaghir: Yukaghir
      2   41 = Uralic-Yukaghir: Uralic
      2   42 = Altaic: Turkic
      2   43 = Altaic: Mongolian-Tungus
      1   44 = Eskimo-Aleut: Aleut
      1   45 = Eskimo-Aleut: Eskimo
      1   50 = Na-Dene: Haida
      5   51 = Na-Dene: Athabaskan-Eyak
      1   52 = Algic: Ritwan
      4   53 = Algic: Algonquian
      2   54 = Uto-Aztecan: Northern
      3   55 = Uto-Aztecan: Southern
      1   56 = Macro-Mayan: Mixe-Zoquean
      1   57 = Macro-Mayan: Mayan
      1   58 = Chibcha-Misumalpan: Misumalpan
      2   59 = Chibcha-Misumalpan: Chibcha
      2   60 = Macro-Arawakan: Maipiran (Awawakan)
      1   61 = Macro-Arawakan: Otomakoan
      1   62 = Macro-Panoan: Panoan
      1   63 = Tupi-Carib: Carib
      4   64 = Tupi-Carib: Tupian
      1   65 = Macro Ge: Botocudan
      3   66 = Macro Ge: Ge


1861.  Language Subfamily 2

    106    0 = Isolate or no subfamily 2
      2    1 = Niger Congo: Central: North Central
     16    2 = Niger Congo: Central: South Central
      2    3 = Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nilotic
      1    4 = Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Nubian
      1    5 = Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Central
      2    6 = Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Eastern
      4    7 = Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: Central
      1    8 = Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: Southern
      3    9 = Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic
      2   10 = Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian
      1   11 = Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Tibetic
      1   12 = Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Baric
      3   13 = Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Burmic
      2   14 = Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: North
      1   15 = Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: East
      2   16 = Austroasiatic: Mon-Khmer: South
     11   17 = Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Western
     13   18 = Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central and Eastern
      1   19 = Na-Dene: Athabaskan-Eyak: Eyak
      4   20 = Na-Dene: Athabaskan-Eyak: Athabaskan
      1   21 = Uto-Aztecan: Southern: Pimic
      2   22 = Uto-Aztecan: Southern: Corrachol-Aztecan
      3   23 = Tupi-Carib: Tupian: Tupi-Guarani
      1   24 = Tupi-Carib: Tupian: Munduruku



    <a href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/stds87.cod">notes on these codes</a> (none as yet)<br>
HIGHEST NUMBER COUNTED CODES

    William Divale. 1999.  Climatic Instability, Food Storage, and
    the Development of Numerical Counting: A Cross-Cultural Study.
    CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH 33:341-368.

       ST87.DAT Vars. 1862-1863 Highest Number Counted Codes

1862.  Highest Number Counted

     93    . = Missing data or society not coded
      1        1
      9    2 = 3
      3	   3 = 4
      2	   4 = 5
      1    5 = 6
      1    6 = 7
      1    7 = 8
     15    8 = 10
      1    9 = 12
      1   10 = 16
      8   11 = 20
      2   12 = 30
      1   13 = 36
      1   14 = 40
      1   15 = 90
     14   16 = 100
      1   17 = 200
      1   18 = 400
     10   19 = 1,000
      3   20 = 2,000
      1   21 = 3,600
      1   22 = 4,000
      1   23 = 5,000
     13   24 = 10,000

1863.  Confidence in Making Counting Rating

     95    . = Missing data or society not coded
     34    1 = Not confident in making the rating
     57    2 = Confident in making the rating


ETHNIC DIVERSITY CODES

    Elizabeth Cashdan. 2001.  Ethnic Diversity and Its Environmental
    Determinants: Effects of Climate, Pathogens, and Habitat
    Diversity. <a href="http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.2001.103.4.968?journalCode=aa">AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 103:968-991</a>.


       ST88.DAT Vars. 1864-1887 Ethnic Diversity Codes

1864.  Concordance: number of societies within 100 mile radius

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
     98    0 = 0
     32    1 = 1
     14    2 = 2
     11    3 = 3
      8    4 = 4
      9    5 = 5
      4    6 = 6
      2    7 = 7
      2    8 = 8
      1   10 = 10
      1   11 = 11
      1   12 = 12
      1   13 = 13

1865.  Concordance: number of societies within 150 mile radius

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
     65    0 = 0
     35    1 = 1
     21    2 = 2
     15    3 = 3
      8    4 = 4
     10    5 = 5
      3    6 = 6
      5    7 = 7
      1    8 = 8
      2    9 = 9
      2   10 = 10
      5   11 = 11
      2   12 = 12
      1   13 = 13
      1   14 = 14
      1   16 = 16
      3   17 = 17
      1   18 = 18
      1   20 = 20
      1   27 = 27

1866.  Concordance: number of societies within 200 mile radius

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
     49    0 = 0
     29    1 = 1
     20    2 = 2
     15    3 = 3
     11    4 = 4
     11    5 = 5
      6    6 = 6
      5    7 = 7
      2    8 = 8
      3    9 = 9
      2   10 = 10
      4   11 = 11
      3   12 = 12
      2   13 = 13
      3   14 = 14
      1   15 = 15
      2   16 = 16
      1   17 = 17
      2   19 = 19
      1   21 = 21
      3   24 = 24
      3   25 = 25
      1   26 = 26
      1   28 = 28
      2   29 = 29
      1   38 = 38

1867.  Concordance: number of societies within 250 mile radius

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
     35   00 = 0
     23   01 = 1
     18	 02 = 2
     17	 03 = 3
     12   04 = 4
      9   05 = 5
      9   06 = 6
     11   07 = 7
      3   08 = 8
      3   09 = 9
      5   10 = 10
      6   12 = 12
      2   14 = 14
      3   16 = 16
      3   17 = 17
      2   19 = 19
      1   20 = 20
      1   21 = 21
      2   22 = 22
      2   23 = 23
      1   24 = 24
      3   26 = 26
      1   27 = 27
      1   29 = 29
      2   30 = 30
      1   31 = 31
      1   32 = 32
      1   33 = 33
      1   34 = 34
      1   35 = 35
      1   36 = 36
      1   37 = 37
      1   55 = 55

1868.  Concordance: number of societies within 300 mile radius

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
     22    0 = 0
     26    1 = 1
     16    2 = 2
     13    3 = 3
     14    4 = 4
      9    5 = 5
      7    6 = 6
      8    7 = 7
     10    8 = 8
      6    9 = 9
      1   10 = 10
      2   11 = 11
      3   13 = 13
      3   14 = 14
      4   15 = 15
      2   16 = 16
      4   18 = 18
      2   19 = 19
      2   20 = 20
      1   22 = 22
      2   24 = 24
      1   25 = 25
      2   26 = 26
      3   29 = 29
      1   31 = 31
      1   32 = 32
      2   33 = 33
      1   34 = 34
      2   35 = 35
      2   36 = 36
      1   37 = 37
      1   38 = 38
      2   39 = 39
      1   40 = 40
      1   41 = 41
      1   44 = 44
      1   45 = 45
      1   46 = 46
      1   48 = 48
      1   64 = 64

1869.  Concordance: number of societies within 350 mile radius

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
     18    0 = 0
     18    1 = 1
     18    2 = 2
      8    3 = 3
     14    4 = 4
     13    5 = 5
      6    6 = 6
      4    7 = 7
      9    8 = 8
      9    9 = 9
      6   10 = 10
      1   11 = 11
      3   12 = 12
      1   13 = 13
      1   14 = 14
      4   15 = 15
      4   16 = 16
      2   17 = 17
      4   19 = 19
      1   20 = 20
      1   21 = 21
      1   22 = 22
      3   23 = 23
      2   24 = 24
      2   25 = 25
      1   27 = 27
      1   29 = 29
      1   30 = 30
      2   31 = 31
      1   32 = 32
      1   33 = 33
      1   36 = 36
      2   39 = 39
      1   43 = 43
      3   44 = 44
      2   45 = 45
      2   46 = 46
      1   47 = 47
      2   49 = 49
      1   51 = 51
      1   54 = 54
      1   55 = 55
      1   56 = 56
      1   57 = 57
      1   59 = 59
      1   62 = 62
      1   67 = 67
      1   75 = 75

1870.  Concordance: number of societies within 400 mile radius

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
     14    0 = 0
     14    1 = 1
     15    2 = 2
     14    3 = 3
     10    4 = 4
     11    5 = 5
      6    6 = 6
      7    7 = 7
      4    8 = 8
      6    9 = 9
      8   10 = 10
      5   11 = 11
      4   12 = 12
      5   13 = 13
      2   14 = 14
      1   16 = 16
      2   17 = 17
      5   18 = 18
      1   19 = 19
      2   20 = 20
      2   21 = 21
      1   22 = 22
      4   24 = 24
      2   25 = 25
      1   26 = 26
      2   28 = 28
      2   29 = 29
      2   30 = 30
      1   31 = 31
      2   33 = 33
      1   37 = 37
      1   40 = 40
      3   41 = 41
      1   44 = 44
      3   49 = 49
      2   50 = 50
      1   51 = 51
      1   53 = 53
      2   54 = 54
      3   55 = 55
      1   60 = 60
      1   62 = 62
      1   63 = 63
      1   65 = 65
      2   70 = 70
      1   72 = 72
      1   75 = 75
      1   83 = 83
      1   87 = 87

1871.  Concordance: number of societies within 450 mile radius

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
     11    0 = 0
      9    1 = 1
     13    2 = 2
      8    3 = 3
     11    4 = 4
      8    5 = 5
      9    6 = 6
      8    7 = 7
      8    8 = 8
      4    9 = 9
      5   10 = 10
     10   11 = 11
      5   12 = 12
      3   13 = 13
      3   14 = 14
      3   15 = 15
      3   17 = 17
      4   19 = 19
      3   20 = 20
      3   21 = 21
      3   23 = 23
      2   24 = 24
      3   25 = 25
      1   28 = 28
      2   29 = 29
      2   30 = 30
      2   32 = 32
      3   33 = 33
      2   34 = 34
      1   37 = 37
      1   42 = 42
      1   43 = 43
      1   44 = 44
      3   48 = 48
      2   51 = 51
      1   54 = 54
      3   60 = 60
      2   61 = 61
      1   63 = 63
      1   64 = 64
      2   66 = 66
      1   69 = 69
      2   70 = 70
      1   72 = 72
      1   73 = 73
      1   74 = 74
      2   82 = 82
      1   86 = 86
      1   87 = 87
      1   96 = 96
      1   99 = 99

1872.  Concordance: number of societies within 500 mile radius
               (100 value)

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
    181    0 = Less than 100
      2    1 = 100 or more

1873.  Concordance: number of societies within 500 mile radius
               (values between 0-99)

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
      9    0 = 0
      7    1 = 1
     13    2 = 2
      8    3 = 3
      4    4 = 4
      7    5 = 5
      9    6 = 6
      6    7 = 7
      5    8 = 8
     12    9 = 9
      4   10 = 10
      4   11 = 11
      8   12 = 12
      9   13 = 13
      3   14 = 14
      2   15 = 15
      3   16 = 16
      3   17 = 17
      3   19 = 19
      3   20 = 20
      1   21 = 21
      1   22 = 22
      2   23 = 23
      3   24 = 24
      2   26 = 26
      3   27 = 27
      4   29 = 29
      1   30 = 30
      1   31 = 31
      1   33 = 33
      1   35 = 35
      2   36 = 36
      1   37 = 37
      2   39 = 39
      1   41 = 41
      1   42 = 42
      2   44 = 44
      1   46 = 46
      1   49 = 49
      2   52 = 52
      1   53 = 53
      1   57 = 57
      1   61 = 61
      1   65 = 65
      1   66 = 66
      2   67 = 67
      1   69 = 69
      1   71 = 71
      2   73 = 73
      3   74 = 74
      1   75 = 75
      1   76 = 76
      1   80 = 80
      3   83 = 83
      1   85 = 85
      1   89 = 89
      1   91 = 91
      1   96 = 96
      1   97 = 97
      1   98 = 98


1874.  Atlas: number of societies within 100 mile radius

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
     54    0 = 0
     40    1 = 1
     31    2 = 2
     18    3 = 3
     10    4 = 4
      7    5 = 5
      7    6 = 6
      3    7 = 7
      1    8 = 8
      3    9 = 9
      3   10 = 10
      2   11 = 11
      1   15 = 15
      1   20 = 20
      1   22 = 22
      1   25 = 25

1875.  Atlas: number of societies within 150 mile radius

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
     31    0 = 0
     27    1 = 1
     16    2 = 2
     12    3 = 3
     13    4 = 4
     17    5 = 5
     13    6 = 6
      7    7 = 7
     13    8 = 8
      7    9 = 9
      3   10 = 10
      5   11 = 11
      4   12 = 12
      2   13 = 13
      3   14 = 14
      1   15 = 15
      1   17 = 17
      1   18 = 18
      1   22 = 22
      1   23 = 23
      1   24 = 24
      1   28 = 28
      1   34 = 34
      1   38 = 38
      1   48 = 48

1876.  Atlas: number of societies within 200 mile radius

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
     25    0 = 0
     15    1 = 1
     16    2 = 2
     11    3 = 3
      5    4 = 4
      7    5 = 5
     12    6 = 6
     11    7 = 7
      7    8 = 8
      5    9 = 9
      6   10 = 10
     16   11 = 11
      5   12 = 12
      3   13 = 13
      7   14 = 14
      2   15 = 15
      2   16 = 16
      5   17 = 17
      4   18 = 18
      3   19 = 19
      2   20 = 20
      2   21 = 21
      2   22 = 22
      1   24 = 24
      1   27 = 27
      1   28 = 28
      1   29 = 29
      1   33 = 33
      1   41 = 41
      1   46 = 46
      1   54 = 54
      1   61 = 61
      1   69 = 69

1877.  Atlas: number of societies within 250 mile radius

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
     17    0 = 0
     11    1 = 1
     11    2 = 2
      7    3 = 3
      6    4 = 4
     11    5 = 5
      2    6 = 6
      6    7 = 7
      7    8 = 8
     13    9 = 9
      7   10 = 10
      7   11 = 11
      5   12 = 12
      8   13 = 13
      3   14 = 14
      4   15 = 15
      6   16 = 16
      3   17 = 17
      7   18 = 18
      2   19 = 19
      6   20 = 20
      3   21 = 21
      4   23 = 23
      2   24 = 24
      1	 25 = 25
      1   26 = 26
      1   27 = 27
      4   28 = 28
      1   29 = 29
      2   31 = 31
      1   32 = 32
      1   33 = 33
      3   34 = 34
      1   35 = 35
      1   37 = 37
      1   40 = 40
      1   43 = 43
      1   45 = 45
      1   59 = 59
      2   65 = 65
      1   83 = 83
      1   97 = 97

1878.  Atlas: number of societies within 300 mile radius
               (100 value)

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
    182    0 = Less than 100
      1    1 = 100 or more

1879.  Atlas: number of societies within 300 mile radius
               (values between 0-99)

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
     10    0 = 0
      9    1 = 1
     10    2 = 2
      8    3 = 3
      6    4 = 4
      5    5 = 5
      4    6 = 6
      4    7 = 7
      3    8 = 8
      5    9 = 9
      5   10 = 10
      5   11 = 11
      8   12 = 12
      7   13 = 13
      6   14 = 14
      6   15 = 15
      4   16 = 16
      6   17 = 17
      3   18 = 18
      6   19 = 19
      2   20 = 20
      3   21 = 21
      2   22 = 22
      4   23 = 23
      3   24 = 24
      4	 25 = 25
      4   26 = 26
      4   27 = 27
      1   28 = 28
      4   29 = 29
      2   30 = 30
      2   31 = 31
      2   32 = 32
      2   33 = 33
      2   35 = 35
      2   39 = 39
      1   40 = 40
      2   42 = 42
      1   44 = 44
      2   46 = 46
      1   47 = 47
      1   48 = 48
      1   50 = 50
      1   51 = 51
      3   54 = 54
      1   59 = 59
      1   61 = 61
      1   66 = 66
      1   72 = 72
      1   75 = 75
      1   83 = 83
      1   98 = 98

1880.  Atlas: number of societies within 350 mile radius
               (100 value)

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
    181    0 = Less than 100
      2    1 = 100 or more

1881.  Atlas: number of societies within 350 mile radius
               (values between 0-99)

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
      9    0 = 0
      8    1 = 1
      6    2 = 2
      7    3 = 3
      3    4 = 4
      7    5 = 5
      4    6 = 6
      5    7 = 7
      2    8 = 8
      1    9 = 9
      2   10 = 10
      2   11 = 11
      2   12 = 12
      8   13 = 13
      6   14 = 14
      8   15 = 15
      6   16 = 16
      6   17 = 17
      5   18 = 18
      3   19 = 19
      6   20 = 20
      2   21 = 21
      4   22 = 22
      7   23 = 23
      1   24 = 24
      3	 25 = 25
      2   27 = 27
      1   28 = 28
      3   29 = 29
      1   30 = 30
      3   31 = 31
      3   32 = 32
      2   33 = 33
      3   35 = 35
      2   36 = 36
      3   37 = 37
      1   38 = 38
      1   39 = 39
      3   40 = 40
      1   41 = 41
      3   42 = 42
      1   45 = 45
      3   47 = 47
      1   50 = 50
      3   52 = 52
      2   54 = 54
      1   56 = 56
      1   58 = 58
      1   59 = 59
      1   60 = 60
      1   63 = 63
      1   67 = 67
      2   68 = 68
      2   69 = 69
      1   74 = 74
      1   78 = 78
      1   79 = 79
      2   84 = 84
      1   86 = 86
      1   96 = 96

1882.  Atlas: number of societies within 400 mile radius
               (100 value)

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
    175    0 = Less than 100
      8    1 = 100 or more

1883.  Atlas: number of societies within 400 mile radius
               (values between 0-99)

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
      7    0 = 0
      4    1 = 1
      6    2 = 2
      9    3 = 3
      3    4 = 4
      5    5 = 5
      4    6 = 6
      5    7 = 7
      1    8 = 8
      3    9 = 9
      2   10 = 10
      3   11 = 11
      1   12 = 12
      5   13 = 13
      1   14 = 14
      3   15 = 15
      3   16 = 16
      2   17 = 17
      4   18 = 18
      7   19 = 19
      6   20 = 20
      8   21 = 21
      8   22 = 22
      4   23 = 23
      4   24 = 24
      8   25 = 25
      3   26 = 26
      2   27 = 27
      1   28 = 28
      1   29 = 29
      1   30 = 30
      2   31 = 31
      3   32 = 32
      1   33 = 33
      2   36 = 36
      2   37 = 37
      1   38 = 38
      2   39 = 39
      1   40 = 40
      5   42 = 42
      2   43 = 43
      4   46 = 46
      1   49 = 49
      3   50 = 50
      2   51 = 51
      2   52 = 52
      1   53 = 53
      2   55 = 55
      1   56 = 56
      1   57 = 57
      1   60 = 60
      1   61 = 61
      1   63 = 63
      4   64 = 64
      2   65 = 65
      2   66 = 66
      1   67 = 67
      1   75 = 75
      1   80 = 80
      1   81 = 81
      1   84 = 84
      1   87 = 87
      1   90 = 90
      2   92 = 92
      1   00 = 00

1884.  Atlas: number of societies within 450 mile radius
               (100 value)

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
    170    0 = Less than 100
     13    1 = 100 or more

1885.  Atlas: number of societies within 450 mile radius
               (values between 0-99)

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
      5    0 = 0
      4    1 = 1
      4    2 = 2
      6    3 = 3
      5    4 = 4
      2    5 = 5
      2    6 = 6
      6    7 = 7
      3    8 = 8
      4    9 = 9
      3   10 = 10
      2   11 = 11
      1   12 = 12
      2   13 = 13
      4   14 = 14
      4   16 = 16
      2   17 = 17
      2   18 = 18
      2   19 = 19
      3   20 = 20
      2   21 = 21
      4   22 = 22
      6   23 = 23
      2   24 = 24
      4   25 = 25
      8   26 = 26
      3   27 = 27
      5   28 = 28
      5   29 = 29
      1   30 = 30
      3   31 = 31
      6   32 = 32
      3   33 = 33
      3   34 = 34
      3   35 = 35
      1   37 = 37
      1   38 = 38
      1   39 = 39
      1   40 = 40
      2   41 = 41
      3   43 = 43
      2   46 = 46
      1   47 = 47
      2   48 = 48
      2   50 = 50
      2   51 = 51
      2   53 = 53
      1   54 = 54
      1   55 = 55
      1   56 = 56
      3   57 = 57
      1   58 = 58
      2   59 = 59
      1   61 = 61
      2   62 = 62
      1   63 = 63
      1   64 = 64
      1   66 = 66
      3   67 = 67
      2   71 = 71
      2   72 = 72
      2   73 = 73
      1   74 = 74
      1   75 = 75
      3   77 = 77
      2   80 = 80
      1   81 = 81
      1   87 = 87
      1   92 = 92
      2   95 = 95
      1   00 = 00

1886.  Atlas: number of societies within 500 mile radius
               (100 value)

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
    165    0 = Less than 100
     17    1 = 100 or more
      1    2 = 200 or more

1887.  Atlas: number of societies within 500 mile radius
               (values between 0-99)

      3    . = Missing data or society not coded
      4    0 = 0
      3    1 = 1
      3    2 = 2
      6    3 = 3
      5    4 = 4
      3    5 = 5
      6    6 = 6
      3    7 = 7
      3    8 = 8
      2    9 = 9
      4   10 = 10
      4   11 = 11
      2   12 = 12
      1   13 = 13
      3   14 = 14
      1   15 = 15
      3   17 = 17
      1   19 = 19
      2   20 = 20
      5   22 = 22
      3   23 = 23
      2   24 = 24
      2   25 = 25
      3   26 = 26
      6   28 = 28
      7   29 = 29
      6   30 = 30
      4   31 = 31
      3   32 = 32
      4   33 = 33
      4   34 = 34
      4   36 = 36
      4   37 = 37
      2   38 = 38
      1   39 = 39
      3   40 = 40
      1   41 = 41
      2   42 = 42
      2   43 = 43
      3   44 = 44
      1   45 = 45
      1   46 = 46
      2   48 = 48
      2   49 = 49
      2   50 = 50
      2   51 = 51
      1   54 = 54
      1   55 = 55
      1   56 = 56
      1   57 = 57
      2   58 = 58
      1   59 = 59
      1   61 = 61
      1   62 = 62
      2   64 = 64
      1   65 = 65
      2   66 = 66
      1   67 = 67
      1   68 = 68
      2   72 = 72
      2   73 = 73
      1   75 = 75
      1   76 = 76
      2   77 = 77
      2   79 = 79
      1   80 = 80
      1   81 = 81
      1   82 = 82
      1   83 = 83
      1   84 = 84
      1   85 = 85
      1   86 = 86
      1   87 = 87
      1   88 = 88
      1   89 = 89
      1   90 = 90
      1   92 = 92
      1   93 = 93
      1   94 = 94
      1   95 = 95
      1   99 = 99

    HABITAT CODES

    Elizabeth Cashdan. 2001.  Ethnic Diversity and Its Environmental
    Determinants: Effects of Climate, Pathogens, and Habitat Diversity.
    <a href="http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.2001.103.4.968?journalCode=aa">AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 103:968-991</a>.


    ST88.DAT Vars. 1888-1903 Habitat Codes

1888.  Number of Habitats within 100 mile radius

     14    . = Missing data or society not coded
     17    1 = 1 habitat
     58    2 = 2 habitats
     54    3 = 3 habitats
     27    4 = 4 habitats
     16    5 = 5 habitats

1889.  Ocean within 100 miles?

     14    . = Missing data or society not coded
     96    0 = no
     76    1 = yes

1890.  Lake within 100 miles?

     14    . = Missing data or society not coded
    163    0 = no
      9    1 = yes

1891.  Number of Habitats within 150 mile radius

     14    . = Missing data or society not coded
      6    1 = 1 habitat
     38    2 = 2 habitats
     59    3 = 3 habitats
     38    4 = 4 habitats
     25    5 = 5 habitats
      5    6 = 6 habitats
      1    7 = 7 habitats

1892.  Ocean within 150 miles?

     14    . = Missing data or society not coded
     87    0 = no
     85    1 = yes

1893.  Lake within 150 miles?

     14    . = Missing data or society not coded
    161    0 = no
     11    1 = yes

1894.  Number of Habitats within 200 mile radius

     14    . = Missing data or society not coded
      2    1 = 1 habitat
     22    2 = 2 habitats
     48    3 = 3 habitats
     43    4 = 4 habitats
     35    5 = 5 habitats
     15    6 = 6 habitats
      7    7 = 7 habitats
1895.  Ocean within 200 miles?

     14    . = Missing data or society not coded
     70    0 = no
    102    1 = yes

1896.  Lake within 200 miles?

     14    . = Missing data or society not coded
    156    0 = no
     16    1 = yes

1897.  Number of Habitats within 250 mile radius

     14    . = Missing data or society not coded
      1    1 = 1 habitat
     14    2 = 2 habitats
     45    3 = 3 habitats
     36    4 = 4 habitats
     39    5 = 5 habitats
     23    6 = 6 habitats
     11    7 = 7 habitats
      2    8 = 8 habitats
      1    9 = 9 habitats

1898.  Ocean within 250 miles?
     14    . = Missing data or society not coded
     66    0 = no
    106    1 = yes

1899.  Lake within 250 miles?

     14    . = Missing data or society not coded
    149    0 = no
     23    1 = yes

1900.  Type of site: 100 miles

     14    . = Missing data or society not coded
      7    1 = island
    145    2 = mainland
     20    3 = peninsula

1901.  Type of site: 150 miles

     14    . = Missing data or society not coded
      8    1 = island
    140    2 = mainland
     24    3 = peninsula

1902.  Type of site: 200 miles

     14    . = Missing data or society not coded
     13    1 = island
    134    2 = mainland
     25    3 = peninsula

1903.  Type of site: 250 miles

     14    . = Missing data or society not coded
     13    1 = island
    132    2 = mainland
     27    3 = peninsula


RAINFALL CODES

    Elizabeth Cashdan. 2001.  Ethnic Diversity and Its Environmental
    Determinants: Effects of Climate, Pathogens, and Habitat
    Diversity. <a href="http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.2001.103.4.968?journalCode=aa">AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 103:968-991</a>.

       ST88.DAT Vars. 1904-1917 Rainfall Codes

1904.  Latitude hemisphere

    131    0 = Northern hemiphere
     55    1 = Southern hemisphere

1905.  Latitude

        0.00 = min (equator)
       89.00 = max (pole)

1906.  Longitude hemisphere

    109    0 = East
     77    1 = West

1907.  Longitude

        0.00 = min
      179.12 = max

1908.  Is station within one degree of society?

     30    0 = no
    156    1 = yes

1909.  Is station within two degrees of society?

     12    0 = no
    174    1 = yes

1910.  Is station within three degrees of society?

      3    0 = no
    183    1 = yes

1911.  Earliest date sampled

        1872 = earliest
        1966 = latest

1912.  Number of years sampled

      2   10 = 10 years
      1   12 = 12 years
      1   13 = 13 years
      1   15 = 15 years
      2   16 = 16 years
      2   17 = 17 years
      1   18 = 18 years
      5   19 = 19 years
    171   20 = 20 years

1913.  Mean yearly annual rainfall (cm)

       0.140 = minimum
     578.967 = maximum

1914.  Coefficient of variation in mean annual rainfall - interannual variation, i.e.,
		around the mean of means of yearly rainfalls for n years of observation

       9.376 = minimum
     161.225 = maximum


1915.  Lowest yearly rainfall in the n years sampled (cm)

        0.00 = minimum
      355.80 = maximum

1916.  Highest yearly rainfall in the n years sampled (cm)

        0.80 = minimum
      767.40 = maximum

1917.  Difference between maxrain and minrain (cm)

        0.80 = minimum
      411.60 = maximum


GRIEF AND MOURNING (1) 78 Societies, Not SCCS (2) H.R.A.F. does not share data with researchers

Paul C. Rosenblat, R. Patricia Walsh, and Douglas A. Jackson. Grief and Mourning in Cross-Cultural Perspective. H.R.A.F. Press. 1976.

       ST89.DAT Vars. 1918-2000 Grief and Mourning Codes

1918.  Crying Frequency - Danger: Number of cases N = 60

    128    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Crying is absent
      1    2 =
      2    6 =
      8    7 =
     46    8 = Crying is frequent

1919.  Crying Duration - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

    155    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Less than a few minutes
      3    2 =
      1    8 =
      2   10 =
      1   11 =
      8   12 =
      4   14 =
      1   15 =
     10   16 = More than a week

1920.  Male Crying: Frequency - Danger: Number of cases N = 52
1921.  Female Crying: Frequency - Danger: Number of cases N = 56

           . = Missing data
           0 = Absent
          10 = Occurs always

1922.  Attempted Self-Injury: Frequency - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48
1923.  Actual Self-Injury: Frequency - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

           . = Missing data
           0 = Absent
           8 = Very frequent

1924.  Male Attempted Self-Injury: Frequency - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48
1925.  Female Attempted Self-Injury: Frequency - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48
1926.  Male Actual Self-Injury: Frequency - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48
1927.  Female Actual Self-Injury: Frequency - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

           . = Missing data
           0 = Absent
          10 = Occurs always

1928.  Institutionalized Attack by Widow of Something or Someone
1929.  Institutionalized Attack by Widower of Something or Someone
1930.  Institutionalized Attack on Self by Widow
1931.  Institutionalized Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased
1932.  Institutionalized Self Attack by Adult Offspring of Deceased
1933.  Institutionalized Attack by Adult Siblings of Deceased
1934.  Outgroup Member Institutional Target
1935.  Presumed Killer Institutional Target
1936.  Self Institutionalized Target
1937.  Somebody Institutionalized Target
1938.  Something Institutionalized Target
1939.  Something Institutionalized Target, not a Sacrifice
1940.  Spontaneous Aggression after Sudden Death
            - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48  for any of these variables
           . = Missing data
           0 = Both raters say it is absent
           2 = Both raters say it is present

1941.  Fear of Ghost Present - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

    145    . = Missing data
      7    0 = Absent
     34    1 = Present

1942.  Degree of Fear of Ghost - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

    147    . = Missing data
      7    0 = None
      1    8 =
      1   10 =
      3   12 =
      3   13 =
      2   15 =
      Corrections to original codebook
      1   17 =
      1   18 =
      7   20 =
      5   22 =
      4   23 =
      3   25 =
      1   27 =

1943.  Fear of Bodies Present - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

    166    . = Missing data
     12    0 = Absent
      8    1 = Present

1944.  Sex Difference, Crying - Danger: Number of cases N = 48
1945.  Sex Difference, Attempted Self-Mutilation - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48
1946.  Sex Difference, Actual Self-Mutilation - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

           . = Missing data
           2 = Women show much more of it than men do
           6 = Sexes are approximately equal
          10 = Men show much more of it than women do

1947.  Sex Difference, Anger and Aggression - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

    176    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Sexes are equal
      3    2 =
      2    3 =
      1    4 =
      3    5 = Men show much more of the behavior

1948.  Importance of Ritual Specialists up to and Including Initial Body Disposal - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

    141    . = Missing data
     12    0 = Specialists do nothing
      8    1 =
      4    2 =
      3    3 =
      3    4 =
      6    5 =
      3    6 =
      2    7 =
      2    8 =
      2    9 =
      0   10 = Everything or almost everything is done by specialists

1949.  Ritualization up to and Including Initial Disposal - Danger: Number of cases N = 62

    124    . = Missing data
      0    0 = None
      2    1 =
      9    2 =
      8    3 =
     15    4 =
     10    5 =
      9    6 =
      8    7 =
      1    8 = A very large amount

1950.  Amount of Contact by Bereaved with Corpse - Danger: Number of cases N = 56

    130    . = Missing data
      0    0 = None
      3    1 =
      1    2 =
     10    3 =
     10    4 =
     12    5 =
     11    6 =
      7    7 =
      2    8 = A very large deal

1951.  Isolation of Widows
1952.  Isolation of Widowers
1953.  Isolation of Adult Offspring of Deceased
1954.  Isolation of Parent of Deceased Subadult Offspring
1955.  Marking of Widows
1956.  Marking of Widowers
1957.  Marking of Adult Offspring of Deceased
1958.  Marking of Subadult Offspring of Deceased
            - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48
           . = Missing data
           0 = Absent
           1 = Present

1959.  Marking Duration, Parent of Subadult Offspring - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

    170    . = Missing data
      7    0 = Absent
      2    2 =
      1    4 = Present for at least thirty days
      1    6 =
      1    7 =
      4    8 =

1960.  Ghosts Present - Danger: Number of cases N = 59
1961.  Ghosts Perceived Are of Those Best Known - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

           . = Missing data
           0 = No
           1 = Yes

1962.  Eventual Distance of Spirits - Danger: Number of cases N = &lt;48

    140    . = Missing data
      1    0 = Close to survivors
      1    2 =
      1    3 =
      3    5 =
      1    7 =
      4    8 =
      5   10 =
      3   12 =
      5   13 =
      6   15 =
      4   17 =
      2   18 =
     10   20 = Always away from survivors - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

1963.  Sororate Present vs. Absent

    168    . = Missing data
      2    0 = Absent
     16    1 = Present

1964.  Percentage of Widow Remarrying - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

    159    . = Missing data
      0    0 = 0%
      1   30 = 15%
      1   40 = 20%
      1   55 = 37.5%
      1   90 = 45%
      1   95 = 47.5%
      1  100 = 50%
      2  105 = 52.5%
      1  110 = 55%
      1  120 = 60%
      1  126 = 63%
      1  130 = 65%
      1  140 = 70%
      1  150 = 75%
      4  155 = 77.5%
      3  160 = 80%
      1  165 = 82.5%
      1  170 = 85%
      1  175 = 87.5%
      1  180 = 90%
      1  190 = 95%
      1  200 = 100%

1965.  Percentage of Widows Remarrying by Levirate - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

    168    . = Missing data
      3    0 = 0%
      1   10 = 10%
      1   54 = 54%
      1   60 = 60%
      1   62 = 62%
      1   63 = 63%
      1   65 = 65%
      4   70 = 70%
      2   73 = 73%
      1   77 = 77%
      2   97 = 97%
         100 = 100%

1966.  Levirate Present vs. Absent - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

    149    . = Missing data
      3    0 = Absent
     34    1 = Present

1967.  Some Personal Objects of Deceased are Disposed of with Corps or Ggiven to Other Groups or
       Put off Sight and Use for Substantional Amount of Time - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

    142    . = Missing data
      8    0 = No
     36    1 = Yes

1968.  Amount of Useful Property Destroyed - Danger: Number of cases N = 62

    124    . = Missing data
     13    0 = None
      9    2 =
      9    4 =
      2    5 =
     11    6 =
      6    7 =
      9    8 =
      2   10 =
      1   11 =
      0   12 = Most complete amount of property destroyed

1969.  Name Taboo Present - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

    146    . = Missing data
     19    0 = No taboo
      1    1 =
      2    2 =
      4    4 = Name taboo present and permanent
      3    6 =
      1    7 =
     10    8 =

1970.  Dwelling or Room of Deceased Abandoned at Least Temporarily
1971.  Temporary or Permanent Camp or Village Abandonment     N = 52
1972.  Name Taboo, if Present, Applies Primarily to Close Relatives or
       Behavior in Presence of Close Relatives of the Deceased
            - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48
           . = Missing data
           0 = No
           1 = Yes

1973.  Cleansing of Widows - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48
1974.  Ghost Feared Those of People Best Known - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

           . = Missing data
           0 = Absent
           4 = Definitely present

1975.  Initial Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance - Danger: Number of cases N = 57
1976.  Final Funeral Ceremonies, Attendance - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

           . = Missing data
         999 = 999 or more

1977.  Mourning: Duration, Widowers - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48
1978.  Mourning: Duration, Widows - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48
1979.  Mourning: Duration, Adult Offspring - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

           . = Missing data
         999 = 999 days or more

1980.  Final Ceremonies Present or Absent - Danger: Number of cases N = 52

    134    . = Missing data
     14    0 = Absent
     38    1 = Present

1981.  Series of Final Ceremonies
1982.  Final Ceremonies Coincide with Annual Death Ceremonies
1983.  Final Disposal of Remains at Final Ceremony
1984.  Final Ceremonies Terminates Mourning
            - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48
           . = Missing data
           0 = No
           1 = Yes

1985.  Amount of Grief after End of Mourning
1986.  Feasting at Initial Funeral Ceremonies   N = 46
1987.  Games at Initial Funeral Ceremonies
1988.  Dances at Initial Funeral Ceremonies
1989.  Sexual Liberties at Initial Funeral Ceremonies
1990.  Alcohol at Initial Funeral Ceremonies
1991.  Feasting at Final Funeral Ceremonies
1992.  Games at Final Funeral Ceremonies
1993.  Dances at Final Funeral Ceremonies
1994.  Sexual Liberties at Final Funeral Ceremonies
1995.  Alcohol at Final Funeral Ceremonies
            - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48
           . = Missing data
           0 = Absent
           1 = Present

1996.  Final Ceremonies Held for More than one Death at a Time - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

    171    . = Missing data
     10    0 = No
      5    1 = Yes

1997.  Degree of Christian Influence - Danger: Number of cases N = 67

    119    . = Missing data
     45    0 = None
      2    2
      5   10
      2   15
      1   20
      4   30
      2   40
      1   45
      2   60
      2   70
      1   80 = Entirely Christian

1998.  Belief in Reincarnation of Deceased Adults - Danger: Number of cases N = 53

    133    . = Missing data
     33    0 = None
      2    1 =
      6    2 =
      3    3 =
      9    4 = Strong belief

1999.  Conflict and Resentment over Property Inheritance - Danger: Number of cases N &lt;48

    167    . = Missing data
      3    0 = None
      4    2 =
      1    3 =
      1    4 =
      6    6 =
      1    7 =
      3    8 = High degree of that


2000.	Age of Marriage, Females
          N = 35
    151    . = Missing data
      1  8.2
      1  9.0
      1 11.5
      1 12.0
      1 12.5
      2 13.0
      2 13.3
      1 13.5
      1 13.8
      1 14.2
      1 14.5
      1 15.0
      3 15.5
      1 15.8
      5 16.0
      1 16.2
      1 16.5
      1 16.7
      1 17.2
      1 17.3
      2 17.8
      1 18.0
      1 18.5
      1 20.3
      1 20.5
      1 25.3

WORLD RELIGION CODES

Andrey Korotayev and Daria Khaltourina.
Andrey Korotayev. 2004. World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations:
A Cross-cultural Perspective,

STDS__.DAT Variables __-__ (Unassigned)

2001. 1806. Deep Islamization / Christianization

    161    . = Missing data
	 19    1 Deep Islamization
	  6    2 Deep Chrisianization

2002. 1807.

    116    . = Missing data
	 19    1 Deep Islamization
	  6    2 Deep Chrisianization
	  7	   3 Superficial Islamization
	 24	   4 Superficial Chrisianization
	  6	   5 Mahayana Buddhism
	  2	   6 Hinayana Buddhism
	  2	   7 Vajrayana Buddhism
	  4	   8 Hinduism Buddhism

 713rev. (Pre-Classical) Religion (retains 713 codes,takes new values from 2002-1807: additional 85 coded)

      0    . = Missing data
     39    1 = Classical religion (Xianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism)
     31    2 = Mixture of classical and preclassical
    116    3 = Preclassical


KIN GROUP VENGEANCE


Karen Paige Ericksen and Heather Horton. 1992. "Blood Feuds": Cross-Cultural Variations in Kin Group
Vengeance . Cross-Cultural Research 26(1-4): 57-85

Legitimacy of kin group vengeance

     18    . = Missing data
	 38    1 Moral Imperative
	 14    2 Most Appropriate
	 18	   3 Circumstantial
	 20	   4 Last Resort
	 63	   5 Formal Adjudication Only
	 15	   6 Individual Self-Redress

Target of kin group vengeance

     18    . = Missing data
 	 36    1 Moral Imperative 35?
 	 23    2 Most Appropriate
 	 24	   3 Circumstantial   23? #185 Tehuelche coded 3 contradicts code above of 6

Combo: Target of kin group vengeance

     27    . = Missing data
 	 36    1 = Moral Imperative 35?
 	 23    2 = Most Appropriate
 	 23	   3 = Circumstantial   23? #185 Tehuelche coded 3 contradicts code above of 6
	 63	   5 = Formal Adjudication Only
	 14	   6 = Individual Self-Redress

WARFARE AND ITS CORRELATES

Douglas P. Fry. 2007. Beyond War: The Human Potential for Peace. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

A. Warfare [Fry_War] (Armed conflict between political communities)

      0    . = Missing data (Coding needed for Nonhunters)
     20    1 = No warfare (No Armed conflict between political communities)
    166    2 = Nonhunters or Warfare (Armed conflict between political communities)

B. Hunters and gatherers

      0    . = Missing data
     21    1 = Simple hunters (and getherers): Nomadic and egalitarian, lack ranked social
               hierarchies and well-defined positions of leadership and authority
     14    2 = Complex hunters (and getherers): Nomadism partial or lacking, and may have
               elaborate economic and political status differences, rank-distinctions and chiefs
    151    3 = Other</dbw></caf></p></b></pre></body></html>